[goodguy/cin-manual-latex.git] / parts / Developer.tex

\chapter{Developer's Section}%
\label{cha:developer's_section}

\section{How Builds Really Work and Even More Options}
\label{sec:builds_really_work_more_options}
\index{build!more options}

This section describes how builds really work if you want to know more about making changes or understanding the process; probably only for a developer or system administrator.

Builds occur in 4 basic steps:

\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
        \item unpack/patch source code
        \item configure build
        \item make build targets
        \item installation
\end{enumerate}

So, an example of what happens in 4 steps for a single-user build would be as follows:

\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
        \item unpack/patch source code: \\
        \texttt{git clone --depth 1 ``git:/{\dots}/target'' cinelerra5} \\
        \texttt{./autogen.sh}
        \item configure build:\\
        \texttt{./configure --with-single-user}
        \item make build targets:\\
        \texttt{make 2 > \&1 | tee log}
        \item installation:\\
        \texttt{make install}
\end{enumerate}

A lot of things can be tweaked to change the results. Mostly these changes are parameters to the configure step, which can change important build related items, like the application name, or where and what the target system directories should be. This makes it possible to have several versions at the same time on the same computer if needed. To see what it is that the makefiles use to build \CGG{}, look at the resulting top-level global\_config file which is created by the ./configure step.

Building \CGG{} requires many thirdparty libraries, and it is recommended that you use the static build version included in the git repo. Some of them are patched, and fix significant bugs. It is important to note that because system installation historically has been with as many shared objects as possible, the defaults are that any system library detected during configuration setup will be used, when the package is built \textit{-{}-without-single-user}, which is the default build. To build with static thirdparty libraries for system install to the system /usr area, use:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{.configure -{}-enable-static-build --prefix=/usr}

Sometimes, additional package parameters and variables are needed during thirdparty builds. These optional values occur before and after the \textit{configure} and \textit{make} commands during a build. A presentation of the format of the package qualified variable names and how they appear in the build procedure are:

\hspace{2em}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll}
        pkg.cfg\_vars & prepended to configure\\
        pkg.cfg\_params & appended to configure\\
        pkg.mak\_vars & prepended to make\\
        pkg.mak\_params & appended to make\\
    pkg.cflags & added as CFLAGS+=\$(cflags) to pkg.vars\\
        pkg.cppflags & added as CPPFLAGS+=\$(cppflags) to pkg.vars\\
\end{tabular}

These steps are done for EACH of the packages in the thirdparty build:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{<pkg.cfg\_vars> ./configure <pkg.cfg\_params>}

\hspace{2em}\texttt{<pkg.mak\_vars> make <pkg.mak\_params>}

The thirdparty Makefile has a set of default vars and params used to build each of the needed thirdparty packages, but you can specify new or overriding values for these Makefile substitutions. These thirdparty build config changes are specified in the top-level file: \textit{cin\_config}. By using this file, you can save the configuration changes made for the current build to use the next time you do a new build. For example, to add an include file path to the giflib build, add this line to \textit{cin\_config}:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{giflib.cflags := -I/usr/local/include/giflib5}

To have a param/var change apply to all thirdparty builds, use:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{CFG\_VARS, CFG\_PARAMS, MAK\_VARS, MAK\_PARAMS}

CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS and LDFLAGS are forwarded to the thirdparty build environment via:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{CFLAGS=-ggdb ./configure -{}-with-single-user}

However, there is no guarantee that the thirdparty build will honor the environmental flags.

Finally, there are build controls, which enable/disable and set build features.

A few of the more useful ./configure -{}-parameters are:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
        -{}-with-jobs=n & where n=number of build jobs; defaults to 1.5*cpus+2\\
        -{}-enable-static-build & build all 3rd party libs; defaults to yes if single-user, else no\\
        -{}-with-single-user& build installs to <build\_path>/bin; no system installation\\
\end{tabular}


The ./configure command builds \textit{global\_config}. The global\_config is read by the thirdparty/Makefile to create the recipes and definitions used by the thirdparty build.

There are a lot of different options.  Thirdparty library build control is available in the configure step of the build.  Thirdparty libraries are built on a demand basis.  So if you use:

\begin{tabular}{l p{11cm}}
  -{}-enable-libname=auto & the static-build enable, or the lack of a system library causes a build\\
  -{}-enable-libname=yes  &  this forces the thirdparty build\\
  -{}-enable-libname=no   &  this forces no thirdparty build\\
\end{tabular}

FFmpeg is a \textit{strongly connected} component in the build linkage and widely influences the \CGG{} library demands.  It is possible to make small additions to the ffmpeg configuration step using the environment variable \texttt{FFMPEG\_EXTRA\_CFG}.  For example, to eliminate the use of libvdpau (an nvidia support library) in the ffmpeg configuration step after you have determined that it is causing an error, use:

\begin{itemize}[label={},nosep]
        \item \texttt{make clean}
        \item \texttt{autogen.sh}
        \item \texttt{export FFMPEG\_EXTRA\_CFG=" -{}-disable-vdpau"} 
        \item \texttt{./configure} {\dots}
\end{itemize}

Specific information on using the current ffmpeg GIT repository follows.  You have to supply the actual URL location of the ffmpeg git as you can see in this example \texttt{?bld.sh?} script:

\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
#!/bin/bash\newline
() ./autogen.sh\newline
./configure --with-single-user --with-booby --with-git-ffmpeg=https://git.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.git
make && make install ) 2>1 | tee log
mv Makefile Makefile.cfg
cp Makefile.devel Makefile
\end{lstlisting}

Since the procedure for obtaining the latest ffmpeg version is not always kept up-to-date and the line numbers will always change, you may have to create that patch first. Generally those line numbers are only updated by a developer when a new stable version with worthwhile features is actually included in the \CGG{} build. FFmpeg is constantly changing and many times the git version is not as stable as desired.

\section{Configuration Features}
\label{sec:configuration_features}
\index{build!configuration}

A listing of the current configuration features as of January 11, 2020:

\begingroup
    \fontsize{10pt}{12pt}\selectfont
\begin{verbatim}

`configure' configures \CGG{} to adapt to many kinds of systems.

Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...

To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as
VAR=VALUE.  See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.

Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.

Configuration:
  -h, --help              display this help and exit
      --help=short        display options specific to this package
      --help=recursive    display the short help of all the included packages
  -V, --version           display version information and exit
  -q, --quiet, --silent   do not print `checking ...' messages
      --cache-file=FILE   cache test results in FILE [disabled]
  -C, --config-cache      alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'
  -n, --no-create         do not create output files
      --srcdir=DIR        find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..']

Installation directories:
  --prefix=PREFIX         install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
                          [/usr/local]
  --exec-prefix=EPREFIX   install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
                          [PREFIX]

By default, `make install' will install all the files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/lib' etc.  You can specify
an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' using `--prefix',
for instance `--prefix=$HOME'.

For better control, use the options below.

Fine tuning of the installation directories:
  --bindir=DIR            user executables [EPREFIX/bin]
  --sbindir=DIR           system admin executables [EPREFIX/sbin]
  --libexecdir=DIR        program executables [EPREFIX/libexec]
  --sysconfdir=DIR        read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
  --sharedstatedir=DIR    modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
  --localstatedir=DIR     modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
  --libdir=DIR            object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
  --includedir=DIR        C header files [PREFIX/include]
  --oldincludedir=DIR     C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include]
  --datarootdir=DIR       read-only arch.-independent data root [PREFIX/share]
  --datadir=DIR           read-only architecture-independent data [DATAROOTDIR]
  --infodir=DIR           info documentation [DATAROOTDIR/info]
  --localedir=DIR         locale-dependent data [DATAROOTDIR/locale]
  --mandir=DIR            man documentation [DATAROOTDIR/man]
  --docdir=DIR            documentation root [DATAROOTDIR/doc/cinelerra]
  --htmldir=DIR           html documentation [DOCDIR]
  --dvidir=DIR            dvi documentation [DOCDIR]
  --pdfdir=DIR            pdf documentation [DOCDIR]
  --psdir=DIR             ps documentation [DOCDIR]

Program names:
  --program-prefix=PREFIX            prepend PREFIX to installed program names
  --program-suffix=SUFFIX            append SUFFIX to installed program names
  --program-transform-name=PROGRAM   run sed PROGRAM on installed program names

Optional Features:
  --disable-option-checking  ignore unrecognized --enable/--with options
  --disable-FEATURE       do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
  --enable-FEATURE[=ARG]  include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
  --enable-silent-rules   less verbose build output (undo: "make V=1")
  --disable-silent-rules  verbose build output (undo: "make V=0")
  --enable-dependency-tracking
                          do not reject slow dependency extractors
  --disable-dependency-tracking
                          speeds up one-time build
  --enable-a52dec         build a52dec (yes)
  --enable-djbfft         build djbfft (yes)
  --enable-audiofile      build audiofile (no)
  --enable-encore         build encore (no)
  --enable-esound         build esound (no)
  --enable-ffmpeg         build ffmpeg (yes)
  --enable-fftw           build fftw (auto)
  --enable-flac           build flac (auto)
  --enable-giflib         build giflib (yes)
  --enable-ilmbase        build ilmbase (auto)
  --enable-lame           build lame (auto)
  --enable-libavc1394     build libavc1394 (auto)
  --enable-libraw1394     build libraw1394 (auto)
  --enable-libiec61883    build libiec61883 (auto)
  --enable-libdv          build libdv (auto)
  --enable-libjpeg        build libjpeg (auto)
  --enable-opus           build opus (auto)
  --enable-openjpeg       build openjpeg (auto)
  --enable-libogg         build libogg (auto)
  --enable-libsndfile     build libsndfile (auto)
  --enable-libtheora      build libtheora (auto)
  --enable-libuuid        build libuuid (yes)
  --enable-libvorbis      build libvorbis (auto)
  --enable-mjpegtools     build mjpegtools (yes)
  --enable-openexr        build openexr (auto)
  --enable-tiff           build tiff (auto)
  --enable-twolame        build twolame (auto)
  --enable-x264           build x264 (auto)
  --enable-x265           build x265 (auto)
  --enable-libvpx         build libvpx (auto)
  --enable-lv2            build lv2 (auto)
  --enable-sratom         build sratom (auto)
  --enable-serd           build serd (auto)
  --enable-sord           build sord (auto)
  --enable-lilv           build lilv (auto)
  --enable-suil           build suil (auto)
  --enable-libaom         build libaom (auto)
  --enable-dav1d          build dav1d (auto)
  --enable-libwebp        build libwebp (auto)
  --enable-ffnvcodec      build ffnvcodec (auto)
  --enable-static-build   build static ([auto])
  --enable-x264_hidepth   build x264 10bit ([no])
  --enable-x265_hidepth   build x265 10bit ([no])

Optional Packages:
  --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]    use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
  --without-PACKAGE       do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no)
  --with-jobs             parallel build jobs (auto)
  --with-exec-name        binary executable name (cin)
  --with-single-user      to install cin in bin (no)
  --with-ladspa-build     build ladspa library (yes)
  --with-lv2              lv2 library support (yes)
  --with-cinlib           cinelerra library path (auto)
  --with-cindat           cinelerra share path (auto)
  --with-plugin-dir       plugin install dir (auto)
  --with-ladspa-dir       ladspa install dir (auto)
  --with-config-dir       .bcast config dir ($$HOME/.bcast5)
  --with-nested-dir       nested proxy dir ($$HOME/Videos)
  --with-browser          cin_browser path (firefox)
  --with-git-ffmpeg       git ffmpeg using url (no)
  --with-noelision        use noelision/libpthread (auto)
  --with-booby            window lock trace booby trap (no)
  --with-libzmpeg         build libzmpeg (yes)
  --with-commercial       enable commercial capture (yes)
  --with-thirdparty       use thirdparty build (yes)
  --with-shuttle          shuttle device (yes)
  --with-wintv            usb 2040:826d wintv device (yes)
  --with-x10tv            usb 0bc7:0004 X10 remote device (yes)
  --with-vaapi            video acceleration api (yes)
  --with-vdpau            video decode+presentation api for unix (yes)
  --with-nv               nvenc/nvdec ffnvcodec api (yes)
  --with-cuda             nv cuda plugins (auto)
  --with-clang            use clang instead of gcc/g++ (no)
  --with-gl               use opengl (auto)
  --with-oss              use OSS audio (auto)
  --with-xft              use libXft (auto)
  --with-alsa             use libasound/alsa (auto)
  --with-firewire         use firewire (auto)
  --with-dv               use dv (auto)
  --with-dvb              use dvb (auto)
  --with-video4linux2     use v4l2 (auto)
  --with-xxf86vm          use xf86vmode (auto)
  --with-esound           use esd (auto)
  --with-shuttle          shuttle dev support (auto)
  --with-shuttle_usb      use libusb-1.0 (auto)
  --with-lv2              use lv2 (auto)
  --with-cuda             build cuda plugins (auto)
  --with-dl               system has libdl (auto)
  --with-opencv           opencv=sys/sta/dyn,git/tar=url (auto)
  --with-numa             system has libnuma (auto)
  --with-openexr          use openexr (auto)

Some influential environment variables:
  CC          C compiler command
  CFLAGS      C compiler flags
  LDFLAGS     linker flags, e.g. -L<lib dir> if you have libraries in a
              nonstandard directory <lib dir>
  LIBS        libraries to pass to the linker, e.g. -l<library>
  CPPFLAGS    (Objective) C/C++ preprocessor flags, e.g. -I<include dir> if
              you have headers in a nonstandard directory <include dir>
  CCAS        assembler compiler command (defaults to CC)
  CCASFLAGS   assembler compiler flags (defaults to CFLAGS)
  CXX         C++ compiler command
  CXXFLAGS    C++ compiler flags

Use these variables to override the choices made by `configure' or to help
it to find libraries and programs with nonstandard names/locations.

Report bugs to <mail@lists.cinelerra-gg.org>.

\end{verbatim}
\endgroup

\section{Thirdparty Parallel Build}
\label{sec:thirdparty_parallel_build}
\index{build!thirdparty}

The Makefile in the thirdparty build directory employs a set of macros used to create a build rule set of thirdparty library build dependencies.  The standard build sequence of [source, config, build] is used to prepare thirdparty products as static libraries.  Build package dependency can be specified in the Makefile std-build macro call.  These Makefile macro calls define the rules used for each thirdparty build.  The expanded rule definitions may be viewed by using:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{make -C thirdparty rules}

Individual package libraries can be rebuilt, via:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{make -C thirdparty <pkg>-clean;  make -C thirdparty <pkg>}

The rule targets create the set of thirdparty packages which are built from local source archive copies of thirdparty source code and patches, if needed.  The build rule set of dependencies allows for compiling multiple thirdparty programs simultaneously using maximum computer resources.  This parallel build speeds up the process considerably.  For example, these are full static build timings on the production build machine (full build includes building all thirdparty programs as well as all of \CGG{}):

\hspace{2em}
\begin{tabular}{@{}rcr}
        1 cpu & = & 61 mins\\
        12 cpus & = & 7.5 mins\\
        24 cpus & = & 2 mins\\
\end{tabular}

\section{Using the very latest Libraries}
\label{sec:latest_libraries}
\index{build!use latest library}

Using the most current libraries can be a challenge for some of the Operating System distros that use
stable compilers, assemblers, and their own libraries.  Because they are stable, they frequently do
not keep up with the very latest of thirdparty libraries.  Consequently, some program constructs may
not yet be implemented.  \CGG{} tries to maintain stability since it is better to have less features
and no crashes.  The goal is to make \CGG{} widely available on many platforms rather than
dependent on advanced tools that are not supported on some distros.

\CGG{} attempts to upgrade to the latest releases of many thirdparty libraries about every 3-4
months. But it is often difficult to keep some of these thirdparty libraries up to date as their
developers switch from tried and true standard tools to newer, less standard tools. As a result 
in order to build \CGG{} on 2-3 versions of any distro rather than only the most current version,
some thirdparty libraries can not be kept up to date and may even be to the point of no further
updates.  In a lot of cases, the updated releases provide little new capabilities but rather
are bug fixes that may not even be relevant to \CGG{}'s use.

So as a computer savvy user or a developer, if you would like to build \CGG{} with the latest
thirdparty releases for some of the packages here are a few suggestions based on other 
developer's feedback and experimentation.

\textbf{dav1d} 
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - currently \CGG{} is staying at 0.5.  This is disappointing because there
may be speed gains in version 0.6 that would be beneficial. However, it is usable for decoding
whereas libaom is just too slow.  Unfortunately, it has no effective encoder.
     \item Problem - 0.6 dav1d requires NASM 2.14 and uses instructions like vgf2p8affineqb,
not exactly an "add" instruction. It also uses meson which is not widely available on all
distros.  The only distros that are built for \CGG{} that are at 2.14 are the latest version
of Arch, Debian(10), Gentoo, Tumbleweed, and Fedora(31). The rest are at 2.12 and 2.13 including
the most widely used Ubuntu. The NASM requirement apparently provides for using AVX-512 
instructions (like vgf2p8affineqb, which is more like a whole routine than a simple instruction).
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - a Makefile was generated to replace Meson usage
but has to be continuously updated for new releases. Dav1d 0.5 requires NASM 2.13 so at this level
the newer distros mostly work.  The availability of meson and nasm are a significant problem on
many systems which are still in wide use.
     \item Your workaround - Because a request to dav1d developers to consider changes to
ensure their library is more widely usable does not appear to be in their future, since it works
for them, you can upgrade NASM to 2.14 to stay up to date.  Of course, install meson also.
\end{description}

\textbf{OpenExr} 
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - currently at latest version 
     \item Problem - the OpenExr tarball is not a single package but is 2 packages instead
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - reworked the packages so that it looks like
one package with 2 stubs
     \item Your workaround - perhaps use the same workaround
\end{description}

\textbf{OpenCV}
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - 2 different versions specific for O/S but none for Ubuntu 14, 32 or 64 bit
     \item Problem - There are really 2 problems here.  The first is OpenCV is not really
"Open" in that Surf is patented/non-free and there is no actual source available for certain
capabilities. The second is that cmake 3.5.1 is required for OpenCV 4.2.
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - using 3.4.1 for older distros and 4.2 for newer
     \item Your workaround - upgrade cmake to 3.5.1 for upgrade to 4.2; add non-free to the
compile; and use binaries that you do not know what they contain since no source code to compile.
Look into opencv4/opencv2/core/types.hpp:711;27
\end{description}

\textbf{webp}
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - currently at version 1.1.0
     \item Problem - requires cmake 3.5 
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - leaving out of Ubuntu14, Ubuntu, Centos7
     \item Your workaround - upgrade on those systems to cmake 3.5
\end{description}

\textbf{libaom}
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - currently at version 1.0.0 
     \item Problem - requires cmake 3.5 
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - leaving out of Ubuntu14, Ubuntu, Centos7
     \item Your workaround - upgrade on those systems to cmake 3.5
\end{description}

\textbf{x10tv}
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - this is the x10 TV remote control
     \item Problem - INPUT\_PROP\_POINTING\_STICK not defined error on older distros
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - leaving out of Ubuntu14, Ubuntu, Centos7
     \item Your workaround - look into /usr/include/linux/input-event-codes.h
\end{description}

\textbf{libvpx}
\begin{description}[noitemsep]
     \item Status - currently at version 1.8.1
     \item Problem - when decoding a test file, it failed to correctly load to the timeline
     \item Workaround already in use by \CGG{} - not upgrading to 1.8.2
     \item Your workaround - no analysis for a solution has been performed yet
\end{description}

\section{Find Lock Problems with Booby Trap}
\label{sec:find_lock_problems_booby_trap}
\index{build!booby trap}

A Booby Trap is used in \CGG{} for setting a trap to catch lock problems that might have been missed. It will trap boobies only if compile by adding \textit{-{}-with-booby} on the configuration command line. This is the default if you compile using \texttt{./bld.sh} from the GIT repository. It should not interfere with normal execution.

If you have the time and inclination, enable \textit{-{}-with-booby} and send any trap output that you find. Maybe you will catch some boobies and if you do, send a snapshot of any boobies you find.

There are 2 potential traps:

\begin{itemize}[nosep]
        \item If you try to unlock a lock when it is not locked
        \item If you execute a drawing operation without holding the window lock
\end{itemize}

The trap prints the following in the controlling terminal window:

\hspace{2em} \textit{BOOBY! \qquad <backtrace>}

An example backtrace is below along with a hint below on how to analyze:

\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(_Z5boobyv+0x3f) [0x557069fa9b2f] /home/cin5/bin/./cin(_ZN13BC_WindowBase9draw_lineEiiiiP9BC_Pixmap+0x3b)0x557069fb9a9b]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(\_ZN10BC_ListBox11draw_borderEi+0x73)[0x557069f7dc73]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(+0x9707fb) [0x557069f7e7fb]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(\ZN10BC\ListBox16center\selectionEv+0x4e)[0x557069f7f2ae]
/home/cin5/bin/plugins/video/sketcher.plugin(_ZN17SketcherCurveList6updateEi+0x1a0)[0x7f1b8002a4c0]
/home/cin5/bin/plugins/video/sketcher.plugin(_ZN18SketcherCurveColor17handle_done_eventEi+0x76)[0x7f1b8002a5f6]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(_ZN15BC_DialogThread3runEv+0xd8)[0x557069f6fb78]
/home/cin5/bin/./cin(_ZN6Thread10entrypointEPv+0x45)[0x557069fc5995]
/usr/lib/libpthread.so.0(+0x7a9d) [0x7f1b91b4ea9d]
/usr/lib/libc.so.6(clone+0x43) [0x7f1b90accb23]
\end{lstlisting}

To see which routine is reporting the booby key in:

\hspace{2em} \texttt{c++filt}

And then the $2^{nd}$ line in the backtrace above:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{\_ZN13BC\_WindowBase9draw\_lineEiiiiP9BC\_Pixmap}

It comes back with the routine as:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{BC\_WindowBase::draw\_line(int, int, int, int, BC\_Pixmap*)}

\section{Valgrind Support Level}
\label{sec:valgrind_support_level}
\index{build!valgrind}

Valgrind is a memory mis-management detector.  It shows you memory leaks, deallocation errors, mismanaged threads, rogue reads/writes, etc.  \CGG{} memory management is designed to work with Valgrind detection methods.  This assists in developing reliable code.  Use of Valgrind points out problems so that they can be fixed.  For example, when this version of \CGG{} shuts down, it deallocates memory instead of just stopping, thus making memory leak detection possible.

The best way to compile and run valgrind is to run the developer static build. This takes 2 steps and you must already have gdb and valgrind installed:

\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
        \item The standard static build:\\
                \texttt{cd /path/cinelerra-5.1}\\
                \texttt{make clean}\\
                \texttt{./bld.sh}
        \item run the incremental rebuild for debug objs:\\
                \texttt{CFLAGS=-ggdb make -j8 rebuild\_all}
\end{enumerate}

If you frequently make mods and changes in \CGG{} or the thirdparty libraries, do not depend on those
compiled versions to have the headers updated; so be sure to fully rebuild as shown in the previous 2
steps before running valgrind or you will get false errors.

Now your \CGG{} obj has all of the debug stuff. Next run valgrind as root for the most useful results:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{cd /path/cinelerra-5.1/cinelerra}

\hspace{2em}\texttt{valgrind -{}-log-file=/tmp/log -{}-leak-check=full\\
        -{}-num-callers=32 ./ci}

This runs \CGG{} under the control of valgrind, and produces a log file in /tmp which will list information about any leaks, usually clearly identifiable. Be sure to Quit out of \CGG{} normally instead of Ctrl-C or a SEGV otherwise the program does not have a chance to cleanup and there will be some false alarms. But it runs very slowly, and is basically single threaded, which means that race conditions may be impossible to catch$\dots$ like one thread deletes memory that another thread is currently using. But overall it is a big help and if you test any new features, please email the log output. A lot of effort when writing the code was put into trying to be sure that all of the object constructors have matching destructors so that the leaks can be identified. There are already several libraries that create predictable memory leaks and valgrind does a good job for most of these.

It is impossible to test everything with valgrind because some things are just too big and slow for a practical test. Occasionally you can find a leak or an illegal memory access. There are several false alarms that are difficult to avoid \textit{Conditional jump} messages, and \textit{unhandled DW\_OP\_}, but anything with the word \textit{illegal} in the message is important. Memory leaks that originate in \CGG{} are good to find and fix, but are usually not
deadly. The listing of the memory leaks can be quite voluminous so locating the \textit{LEAK SUMMARY} section
towards the end of the report is most useful.


\section{CFLAGS has -Wall}
\label{sec:cflags_has_-wall}
When compiling \CGG{} Infinity a CFLAGS option used is \textit{Wall} where the "W" represents warnings and "all" means all.  This causes the compile to check for simple mistakes that can be detected automatically and issue warnings when the code is questionable.  It can also detect situations where the compiler will generate incorrect code, like type-punned pointer.  By turning on this flag, when new code is vetted for predictable mistakes, the code can be corrected before becoming manifested in the application.

\section{Prof2 -- A Profiler}
\label{sec:prof2_profiler}
\index{build!prof2}

Frequently there is a problem with a program running slow and you do not know why. You need a thumbnail analysis of where the program is spending most of its time without all of the overwhelming details. This is when a Profiler comes in handy.

There are many different profilers available -- this particular one does not do anything special and is fairly ordinary in that it just characterizes frequency of execution of various regions in the program. However, it has some pretty good strengths as listed next.

\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
        \item It takes very little or no preconditioning, i.e. setup
        \item The effect it has on the running program is minimal
        \item It runs almost at full speed, which is really nice
        \item It is not particularly thread aware
        \item Reports where it is executing at intervals of 100 times a second
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Setup}
\label{sub:setup}

This profiler works on x86\_64 systems and you must be root to compile and run it. Also, you must install your operating system's \textit{iberty} -- for example, which would be binutils-devel for Fedora or libiberty-dev for Ubuntu 18.

Go to the top level \CGG{} directory.

Key in: \qquad \texttt{prof2}

Key in: \qquad \texttt{make clean all install}

Because \textit{smap} may have to be found in the system if \textit{How to use} below does not work, you will have to do the following:
\newline
\newline
Key in: \qquad \texttt{cp -a smap /usr/local/bin}


Later, if you want to remove this from the system,

Key in: \qquad \texttt{make uninstall}

\subsection{How to use}
\label{sub:how_to_use}

The program you are profiling should be compiled debuggable with stack frame and symbols enabled.

To see help, key in: \qquad \texttt{prof -h}

usage: -h [-o path] [-d] [-e] [-p libpath] [-012] [-u \#] cmd args...

\hspace{2em}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll}
        -o & profile output pathname, -=stdout, -{}-=stderr\\
        -d & debug otitleutput enabled\\
        -e & child debug output enabled\\
        -p & specify path for libprofile.so\\
        -0 & usr+sys cpu timer intervals (sigprof)\\
        -1 & usr only cpu timer intervals (sigvtalrm)\\
        -2 & real time timer intervals (sigalrm)\\
        -u & profile timer interval in usecs\\
\end{tabular}

To execute the profiler, key in:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{prof -o /tmp/prof\_list.txt ./cin}

where \texttt{/tmp/prof\_list.txt} is the output file and in this case \texttt{cin} is the \CGG{} binary file. The pid of this command will be displayed on the startup window. This comes in handy in the use case where there is a lot of initial load and possible configuration setup inside of \CGG{} and you want to profile plugins and not necessarily all of the setup steps. Then you can use the following command in another window to continue running \CGG{} and obtain the more useful information:

\hspace{2em}\texttt{kill -USR1 pid}

Running this command refreshes the memory maps used for profiling. When you are profiling a plugin, you want to run this AFTER the plugin loads.

\subsection{Results}
\label{sub:results}

There are 3 sections in the resulting output file of this stochastic quick analysis.

\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
        \item The first section is a histogram of the timer intervals of that sample set. Each function occupies a region of addresses. One hundred times a second, the profiler samples the program address in the region of execution.
        \item In the second section, there is another histogram of the cumulative frequency of all things in the call stack and this should point out who is the culprit. For example, a codec calls a bunch of subroutines, the cost of the subroutines is accumulated to the codec parent caller. This makes the actual cpu user much more apparent.
        \item The last section is for the library spaces. Each library occupies a region and the profiler adds up the time spent in each of the libraries by frequency.
\end{enumerate}

On the very bottom is a 1 line summary which shows you if there is a bad guy and who it is.

\subsection{Sample output}
\label{sub:sample_output}

\textit{--- profile start ---}

\textbf{1020 ticks 43 modules 81412 syms}\\
\begin{tabular}{@{}rrp{\linewidth-6em}}
 0.010s & 0.1\% & Autos::copy(long, long, FileXML*, int, int) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & BinFolders::copy\_from(BinFolders*) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & cstrdup(char const*)     /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & XMLBuffer::encode\_data(char*, char const*, int) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & XMLBuffer::encoded\_length(char const*, int) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & PluginClient::send\_configure\_change() /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & UndoVersion::scan\_lines(UndoHashTable*, char*, char*) /mnt0/.../cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & UndoStackItem::set\_data(char*) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & UndoStack::load(\_IO\_FILE*) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & BC\_Bitmap::cur\_bfr()     /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & YUV::init\_tables(int, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*, int*) /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
\end{tabular}\\
$\dots$\\
$\dots$\\
\textit{--- profile calls ---}

\begin{tabular}{@{}rrl}
 0.010s & 0.1\% & AutoConf::save\_xml(FileXML*)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & Automation::copy(long, long, FileXML*, int, int)   1.0 /mnt0/.../cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & AWindow::run()             1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & Canvas::stop\_single()      1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & ColorPicker::new\_gui()     1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & ColorWindow::create\_objects()   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & PaletteWheel::draw(float, float)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & PaletteHex::update()       1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & 0.1\% & CWindowGUI::draw\_status(int)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 0.010s & \textbf{0.1\%} & CWindowCanvas::status\_event()   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
\end{tabular}\\
$\dots$\\
$\dots$\\
\begin{tabular}{@{}rrl}
 0.990s & \textbf{9.7\%} & BC\_Xfer::xfer\_slices(int)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 1.880s & \textbf{18.4\%} & DirectUnit::process\_package(LoadPackage*)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 1.880s & \textbf{18.4\%} & DirectUnit::rgba8888()     1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 3.910s & \textbf{38.3\%} & \_\_init\_array\_end           1.1 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 5.450s & \textbf{53.4\%} & LoadClient::run()          1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 7.890s & \textbf{77.4\%} & Thread::entrypoint(void*)   1.0 /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
 7.890s & \textbf{77.4\%} & start\_thread               1.0 /lib64/libpthread-2.28.so\\
\end{tabular}\\
---\\
---\\
\begin{tabular}{@{}rrl}
 0.010s & 0.1\%/  0.0\% & /lib64/libm-2.28.so\\
 0.010s & 0.1\%/  0.0\% & /lib64/libexpat.so.1.6.8\\
 0.020s & 0.2\%/  0.1\% & /lib64/libXext.so.6.4.0\\
 0.020s & 0.2\%/  0.1\% & /lib64/libXft.so.2.3.2\\
 0.020s & 0.2\%/  0.1\% & /lib64/libxcb.so.1.1.0\\
 0.040s & 0.4\%/  0.2\% & /lib64/ld-2.28.so\\
 0.050s & 0.5\%/  0.2\% & /lib64/libpng16.so.16.34.0\\
 0.130s & 1.3\%/  0.6\% & /lib64/libX11.so.6.3.0\\
 0.180s & 1.8\%/  0.8\% & /lib64/libz.so.1.2.11\\
 0.200s & 2.0\%/  0.9\% & /lib64/libfontconfig.so.1.12.0\\
 0.380s & 3.7\%/  1.8\% & /lib64/libpthread-2.28.so\\
 1.660s & 16.3\%/ 7.7\% & /lib64/libc-2.28.so\\
 7.480s & 73.3\%/34.7\% & /mnt0/build5/cinelerra-5.1/bin/cin\\
\end{tabular}

\textbf{10.200t 0.001u+0.000s 21.566r  47.3\%}\\
\textit{--- profile end ---}

The summary line above in Bold represents the User time, System time, Real time and the percentage is how much Timer time elapsed over Real time so in this case the measurement covers 47.3\% of time.

So why use a Profiler? Because it is the ``ls'' for executable functions!!

\section{How to Create a new Theme}
\label{sec:how_create_theme}
\index{theme!create new theme}

A \textit{Theme} is a base class object that is created and customized as \textit{ThemeName}.
It is constructed during program initialization in a theme plugin
\texttt{PluginTClient},
defined in \texttt{plugins/theme\_name} source directory.

\texttt{theme\_name.C} and \texttt{theme\_name.h} are derived \textit{Theme} class object constructors.

A \textit{Theme} is constructed during initialization in \texttt{init\_theme} (\texttt{mwindow.C}). The theme plugin is accessed using the \textit{name} from preferences and then the theme plugin is loaded which contains the code to construct the theme.  A \textit{Theme} object has functions and data that \CGG{} uses to do a variety of customizations, such as \texttt{default\_window\_positions}, and it can modify GUI defaults like \\
\texttt{default\_text\_color} when it is initialized.

The theme plugin contains a \textit{new\_theme} function that allocates and constructs a
\textit{ThemeName} object with base classes of \textit{BC\_Theme} (gui setup), \textit{Theme} (\CGG{} defaults), and \textit{ThemeName}, with definitions and overrides that create the custom theme. To create a new theme, a new plugin is needed:

\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
        #include "header files.h"
        PluginClient* new_plugin(PluginServer *server)
        {
                return new NameMain(server);
        }
        
        NameMain::NameMain(PluginServer *server)
        : PluginTClient(server)
        {
        }
        
        NameMain::~NameMain()
        {
        }
        const char* NameMain::plugin_title() { return N_("Name"); }
        
        Theme* NameMain::new_theme()
        {
                theme = new ThemeName;
                extern unsigned char _binary_theme_name_data_start[];
                theme->set_data(_binary_theme_name_data_start);
                return theme;
        }
        
        Name::Name()
        : Theme()
        {
        }
        
        Name::~Name()
        {
                delete stuff;
        }
\end{lstlisting}

When a theme is constructed by \texttt{NameMain::new\_theme()}, it sets a pointer to a
block of data created in the plugin build that contains all of the png data
files in the \texttt{plugins/theme\_name/data} directory.  These images may define or override the appearance of gui images, such as \textit{ok.png} (the ok button).  There are usually a large number of images that need to be defined.  The theme plugin adds them to the theme image data in the \texttt{theme $\rightarrow$ initialize()} function.  The best list of theme image setup is probably in SUV (\texttt{plugins/theme\_suv/suv}).

The easy way to create a new theme is to copy an existing theme and change
its name to \textit{ThemeName}, change \texttt{plugin\_title()} to the new name, and then tweak the definitions until you are happy with the results.   The file
names and Makefile also need to be updated to the new theme name.  The source
can by manually rebuilt by invoking \textit{make} in the \texttt{plugins/theme\_name}
directory.

Once the new theme is built into the plugin library, it will automatically be discovered by the plugin probe
and it will become an available theme in \textit{Preferences}.

If you are ready to add it to the main build, then \textit{theme\_name} should be
included in the DIRS targets of the \texttt{plugins/Makefile}, and \texttt{plugin\_defs} needs \textit{theme\_name} in the themes list.

Themes usually require considerable time to create from scratch.  For
example, the SUV theme has over 800 lines in the initialize function, and has over
500 png images in the data directory.  Most of these images and data values are
required to be initialized by the custom theme constructor; very tedious and
time consuming work.  Creating a new theme is usually a lot of work.

\section{How Context Help works in the Program Code}
\label{sec:context_help_coding}
\index{context help}

All class methods related to context help start with the common pattern \texttt{context \_help} in their names. It is easy to get all occurences in the code with the following command (example):

\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        grep -F context_help `find . -name '*.[Ch]' -print`
\end{lstlisting}

The base functionality is defined in several \textit{BC\_WindowBase} class methods in \\ \texttt{guicast/bcwindowbase.C} (search on \texttt{context\_help}). All BC\_Window's and BC\_SubWindow's inherit these methods.

For the simplest case of context help definition, it is sufficient to add the call to \texttt{context\_help\_set\_keyword()} in the most inclusive widget constructor. If \texttt{Alt/h} is pressed with the mouse over this widget's window, its \texttt{keypress\_event()} method (inherited from BC\_WindowBase) will catch this hotkey, fetch the keyphrase defined by \texttt{context\_help\_set\_keyword()} and call the \texttt{doc/ContextManual.pl} script with this keyphrase. Then ContextManual.pl script does the whole processing of the keyphrase given and calls web browser to display the found HTML manual page. The browser is called in the background to prevent from blocking the calling \CGG{} thread.

An example from \textit{cinelerra/zoombar.C}:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        ZoomBar::ZoomBar(MWindow *mwindow, MWindowGUI *gui)
        : BC_SubWindow(...)
        {
                this->gui = gui;
                this->mwindow = mwindow;
                context_help_set_keyword("Zoom Panel");
        }                                                        
\end{lstlisting}

If \texttt{Alt/h} is pressed with the mouse over some subwindow (arbitrary depth) of the \texttt{context\_help\_set\_keyword()} caller, the \texttt{keypress\_event()} method of that subwindow catches the hotkey. Its own context help keyword, probably, will be empty. In this case the whole widget hierarchy is traced up to \textit{top\_level} widget, their context help keywords are checked, and the first nonempty keyword is used for context help.

This approach allows us to define the help keyword common to the whole dialog window with a bunch of diverse buttons with a single call to \texttt{context\_help\_set \_keyword()}, without placing such a call into each button constructor. And at the same time, this approach allows to assign different help keywords to GUI elements belonging to the same window but documented in different manual pages.

\subsubsection{An example with several different help keywords from cinelerra/mwindowgui.C:}%
\label{ssub:exemple_different_help_keywords}

\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        MWindowGUI::MWindowGUI(MWindow *mwindow)
        : BC_Window(_(PROGRAM_NAME ": Program"), ...)
        {
                this->mwindow = mwindow;
                ...
                context_help_set_keyword("Program Window");
        }
        ...
        FFMpegToggle::FFMpegToggle(MWindow *mwindow, MButtons *mbuttons, int x, int y)
        : BC_Toggle(...)
        {
                this->mwindow = mwindow;
                this->mbuttons = mbuttons;
                set_tooltip(get_value() ? FFMPEG_EARLY_TIP : FFMPEG_LATE_TIP);
                context_help_set_keyword("FFmpeg Early Probe Explanation");
        }
        ...
        StackButton::StackButton(MWindow *mwindow, int x, int y)
        : BC_GenericButton(x, y, mwindow->theme->stack_button_w, "0")
        {
                this->mwindow = mwindow;
                set_tooltip(_("Close EDL"));
                context_help_set_keyword("OpenEDL");
        }
        ...
        ProxyToggle::ProxyToggle(MWindow *mwindow, MButtons *mbuttons, int x, int y)
        : BC_Toggle(...)
        {
                this->mwindow = mwindow;
                this->mbuttons = mbuttons;
                ...
                context_help_set_keyword("Proxy");
        }
        \end{lstlisting}
If the widget we wish to add context help to, overloads keypress\_event() of the base class with its own method, then it is necessary to introduce a small addition to its keypress\_event() handler: the call to \texttt{context\_help\_check\_and\_show()} has to be added in a suitable place in the handler.

An example with \texttt{context\_help\_check\_and\_show()} from \textit{cinelerra/mbuttons.C}:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        int MButtons::keypress_event()
        {
            int result = 0;
            if(!result) {
                result = transport->keypress_event();
            }
            if(!result) {
                result = context_help_check_and_show();
            }
            return result;
        }
\end{lstlisting}

All the keypress handlers are not equal, therefore we provide different variants of the methods context\_help\_check\_and\_show() and context\_help\_show() (the latter for explicit checking on hotkey).

An example with context\_help\_show() from cinelerra/editpanel.C:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        int EditPanelTcInt::keypress_event()
        {
                if( get_keypress() == 'h' && alt_down() ) {
                        context_help_show("Align Timecodes");
                        return 1;
                }
                ...further processing...
                return 1;
        }
\end{lstlisting}

A single example of much more sophisticated keypress\_event() handler can be found in \texttt{cinelerra/trackcanvas.C} (search on context\_help). The problem here was to track the particular object drawn on the canvas to figure out whose context help is to be requested. Another rare example of difficulty may appear when context help is desired for some GUI object which is not subclassed from BC\_WindowBase.

\textit{ContextManual.pl} looks for occurence of keyphrases in the following order:

\begin{enumerate}
        \item In \textit{Contents.html}
        \item In \textit{Index.html}
        \item In all the \textit{CinelerraGG\_Manual/*.html} files via grep
\end{enumerate}

Keyphrase matching is tried first exact and case sensitive, then partially and case insensitive. The special keyword \texttt{TOC} shows Contents, \texttt{IDX} shows Index. If the keyword starts with \texttt{FILE:}, the filename after \textit{FILE:} is extracted and that file is shown. You can look in the ContextManual.pl script text.

For debugging purposes the script can be called from command line. For this to work, the environment variable \texttt{\$CIN\_DAT} has to be set to the parent directory of doc.


\subsubsection{Providing context help for plugins}%
\label{ssub:providing_context_help_plugins}

In the simplest case, nothing has to be done at all. The plugin context help functionality introduced in \texttt{cinelerra/pluginclient.C} automatically assigns context help keyword from the plugin's title for all plugins subclassed from \textit{PluginClient}. For this to work, the manual page documenting the plugin must be entitled identically to the programmatic title of the plugin. A special treatment can be necessary in the following cases:

\begin{enumerate}
        \item \textit{Rendered effects} are not subclasses of PluginClient and require an explicit context help definition via \texttt{context\_help\_set\_keyword().}
        \item Only the main plugin dialog inherits context help functionality from the parent class. If a plugin opens additional dialog windows, they probably require explicit context help definitions.
        \item If the plugin title differs from its subsection title in the documentation, either its help keyword or the corresponding title in the manual should be renamed. Another possibility can be an addition to the \textit{\%rewrite table} in \texttt{doc/ContextManual.pl}.
        \item If the plugin title contains some characters special for HTML and/or Perl regular expression syntax, the special characters have to be escaped. For example, the keyphrase corresponding to the title \textit{Crop \& Position (X/Y)} should be converted to:

        \begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
                Crop & Position \\(X\\/Y\\)
        \end{lstlisting}

        Such a rewriting can be done either in the C++ code or in ContextManual.pl.
\end{enumerate}

One additional explanation about previous user information when plugin tooltips are off. Help for the \textit {selected plugin} is shown because in this case it would be difficult to figure out, without a visual feedback, which particular item is currently under the mouse.

\subsection{Manual Maintenance is now Tightly Coupled with the Program Code}
\label{sub:manmaintain}

If some section of the \CGG{} manual gets renamed and is used for Context Help, the corresponding help keywords should be adjusted too. All the keywords used can be listed via the following example command:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]
        grep -F context_help `find . -name '*.C' -print` | grep -F '"'
\end{lstlisting}
----------------

Note that the keyword does not have to exactly match the section title; it can also be a case insensitive substring of the section title.

If some new \CGG{} window or dialog is created and documented, the inclusion of context\_help\_set\_keyword() calls and/or adaptation of keypress\_event() handler (if any) should be included in the program code.

If some new \CGG{} plugin is created, it is best to document it in the section entitled exactly equal to that plugin's title. Then probably its context help will work out of the box. Otherwise, some adaptation to its keypress\_event() (if any) or to the %rewrite table in ContextManual.pl may be necessary.

Why the local copy of \CGG{} manual should be used?

\begin{enumerate}
        \item For context help keyphrases matching, the local copy of \textit{Contents.html} and \textit{Index.html} is necessary anyway.
        \item Grepping \textit{CinelerraGG\_Manual/*.html} files of the remote manual from the website cannot work per definition.
        \item The local copy usage ensures exact matching of the version of the manual to the version of \CGG{}. Otherwise, if one uses for some reason an older version of \CGG{} with the help fetched from the newer version of the website manual, various incompatibilities can be expected.
        \item Packing the manual into AppImage, the current method of \CGG{} packaging, should be much easier than merging two different git branches when building from source packages, as was earlier.
\end{enumerate}

What about Localization?

For now, \CGG{} context help is not localized at all. There is no complete \CGG{} manual in any language except English. But even should the manual be translated to other languages, the context help keywords must remain unlocalized literal string constants. First, because the set of languages known to \CGG{} itself is not the same as the set of languages the manual will be translated to. If some "translated keyword" is fed to the help system, while the manual in this language does not exist, keyword matching cannot succeed. Second, such a help localization with the translation of all keywords can be done and then maintained much easier and much more reliably inside the ContextManual.pl script rather than in the \CGG{} binary.

More about ContextManual.pl file?

The bin/doc/ContextManual.pl script can be configured further. Look in the script text. You can define your preferable web browser, or redefine it to 'echo' for debug purposes. There are also some predefined HTML pages for Contents and Index, and several explicitly rewritten keyphrases.