\chapter{Keyframes}%
\label{cha:keyframes}
+\index{keyframes}
-The word \textit{keyframe} has at least 3 contextual meanings in the NLE environment. First, the oldest meaning, is the \textit{I-Frame} definition used in codecs algorithms. These are \textit{key} frames that begin a new sequence of pictures, and are anchor points for repositioning (seeks). Next are the automation parameter data points. These are usually input to primitive math forms, like translation and zoom. And last are blobs of data that are chunks of parameters to plugins that can do almost anything. The data can be a simple value, like a fader value, or more complex like a group of points and colors in a sketcher plugin keyframe. The word keyframe has changed a lot in meaning. In the context of \CGG{}, keyframes are data values that have been associated to media on the timeline which affect the media presentation. So a keyframe no longer refers to a frame, but to a position on the timeline.
+The word \textit{keyframe} has at least 3 contextual meanings in the NLE environment. First, the oldest meaning, is the \textit{I-Frame} definition used in codecs algorithms. These are \textit{key} frames that begin a new sequence of pictures (GOP= Group Of Pictures), and are anchor points for repositioning (seeks) \index{seek}. Next are the automation parameter data points. These are usually input to primitive math forms, like translation and zoom. And last are blobs of data that are chunks of parameters to plugins that can do almost anything. The data can be a simple value, like a fader value, or more complex like a group of points and colors in a sketcher plugin keyframe. The word keyframe has changed a lot in meaning. In the context of \CGG{}, keyframes are data values that have been associated to media on the timeline which affect the media presentation. So a keyframe no longer refers to a frame, but to a position on the timeline (timecode).
In \CGG{}, there are two general types of keyframe data,
\textit{automation keyframes} (autos) which are drawn as colored
\section{Automation Keyframes /\,Autos}%
\label{sec:automation_keyframes_autos}
+\index{keyframes: autos}
The \textit{autos} are created by clicking on an \textit{automation curve} to establish the time position for the new keyframe anchor point. The basic nature of these simple auto values make them primitive operations that are easy to apply when needed.
-There are many automation curve types, and most are not normally visible or clickable. To make them visible, use the \texttt{View} pulldown, or open the \texttt{Window $\rightarrow$ Show Overlays}. This window allows toggling of the parameters in the \textit{View} pulldown but is more convenient because you can leave the window up to change values quickly. If all of the automation curves are turned on, the timeline will be quite cluttered, and so usually only the parameters of interest are enabled during use. When keyframes are selected, they are drawn on the timeline over the tracks to which they apply. The keyframe is represented on the timeline as a little square on the curve, for example as in fade, or as a symbol as in a mask. This square, timeline attachment point, can be used for positioning by clicking on a keyframe anchor and using drag and drop to set the new position.
+There are many automation curve types, and most are not normally visible or clickable. To make them visible, use the \texttt{View} pulldown, or open the \texttt{Window $\rightarrow$ Show Overlays} \index{show ovelays window}. This window allows toggling of the parameters in the \textit{View} pulldown but is more convenient because you can leave the window up to change values quickly. If all of the automation curves are turned on, the timeline will be quite cluttered, and so usually only the parameters of interest are enabled during use. When keyframes are selected, they are drawn on the timeline over the tracks to which they apply. The keyframe is represented on the timeline as a little square on the curve, for example as in fade, or as a symbol as in a mask. This square, timeline attachment point, can be used for positioning by clicking on a keyframe anchor and using drag and drop to set the new position.
The automation keyframes include:
\section{Using Autos}%
\label{sec:using_autos}
-The first click on the curve, creates a keyframe which you can click drag on to reposition. The second click at a later position, generates the smoothing by creating a smooth ramp. Ctrl-dragging on a keyframe round control point handle changes the value of either the input control or the output control. This affects the sharpness of the curve. While the input control and the output control can be moved horizontally as well as vertically, the horizontal movement is only for legibility and is not used in the curve value. When you Shift-drag on a timeline curve, the keyframe snaps to the value of either the next or previous keyframe, depending on which exists. It will snap up or down depending on direction of movement. This lets you set a constant curve value without having to copy the next or previous keyframe.
+The first click on the curve, creates a keyframe which you can click drag on to reposition. The second click at a later position, generates the smoothing by creating a smooth ramp. Ctrl-dragging on a keyframe round control point handle \index{control point handle} changes the value of either the input control or the output control. This affects the sharpness of the curve. While the input control and the output control can be moved horizontally as well as vertically, the horizontal movement is only for legibility and is not used in the curve value. When you Shift-drag on a timeline curve, the keyframe snaps to the value of either the next or previous keyframe, depending on which exists. It will snap up or down depending on direction of movement. This lets you set a constant curve value without having to copy the next or previous keyframe.
-To make it easier to navigate curve keyframes, since there is not much room on the timeline for a wide range of curve values, you need to zoom the curves in and out vertically to have any variability. This is done by 2 tools: the automation fit button, Alt-f, and automation zoom menu which is seen at the bottom of the main window (figure~\ref{fig:automation}). The automation fit button scales and offsets the vertical range so the selected curve area appears in the timeline. If a region of the timeline is highlighted by the cursor, only that region is scaled. In/out points do not affect the zoomed region. The automation zoom menu manually changes the vertical scaling of the curves in multiples of 2. Click on its tumbler to change the zoom. Alt$-\uparrow$ and Alt$-\downarrow$ change the automation zoom from the keyboard.
+To make it easier to navigate curve keyframes, since there is not much room on the timeline for a wide range of curve values, you need to zoom the curves in and out vertically to have any variability. This is done by 2 tools: the automation fit button, Alt-f, and automation zoom \index{zoom panel} menu which is seen at the bottom of the main window (figure~\ref{fig:automation}). The automation fit button scales and offsets the vertical range so the selected curve area appears in the timeline. If a region of the timeline is highlighted by the cursor, only that region is scaled. In/out points do not affect the zoomed region. The automation zoom menu manually changes the vertical scaling of the curves in multiples of 2. Click on its tumbler to change the zoom. Alt$-\uparrow$ and Alt$-\downarrow$ change the automation zoom from the keyboard.
\begin{figure}[htpb]
\centering
\label{fig:automation}
\end{figure}
-\noindent Other mouse actions have the following effects:
+Other mouse actions have the following effects:
\begin{itemize}
\item Double left mouse click on a curve Fade or Speed line will create ganged keyframes so that there is a
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
-You can click mouse button 3 on a keyframe box and a menu pops up with the first menu item showing the keyframe type. The top menu item can be activated for immediate access to update the automation keyframe value. Some keyframe types, which have values that can be manipulated in another way than by dragging the color coded line, now show up with a different colored background to make them more visible. Keep in mind that Zoombar ranges/values must be set to appropriate values when working with specific keyframe types, such as Fade or Speed. If you do not see the auto line in the visible area of the video track, try the key combination Alt-f or select the speed in the \textit{Automation Type} drop-down menu at the bottom of the main window. To the right of this field is \textit{Automation Range} where you can set the display ratio of these lines. Simply change the values until the lines are visible again.
+You can click mouse button 3 on a keyframe box \index{keyframes MMB options} and a menu pops up with the first menu item showing the keyframe type. The top menu item can be activated for immediate access to update the automation keyframe value. Some keyframe types, which have values that can be manipulated in another way than by dragging the color coded line, now show up with a different colored background to make them more visible. Keep in mind that Zoombar \index{zoom panel} ranges/values must be set to appropriate values when working with specific keyframe types, such as Fade or Speed. If you do not see the auto line in the visible area of the video track, try the key combination Alt-f or select the speed in the \textit{Automation Type} drop-down menu at the bottom of the main window. To the right of this field is \textit{Automation Range} where you can set the display ratio of these lines. Simply change the values until the lines are visible again.
Figure~\ref{fig:overlays1} and figure~\ref{fig:fade} shows several color coded lines for different key\-fra\-mes and specifically the slider bar for the Fade keyframe. It is in the same color as the color coded keyframe type line which is the same color which would be shown in the \textit{Show overlays} window figure~\ref{fig:overlays_window}.
\label{fig:fade}
\end{figure}
-In the \textit{Editing} section of \texttt{Settings $\rightarrow$ Preferences, Interface} tab there is \textit{Keyframe reticle} with options of Never, Dragging, or Always. This is used to help in checking edit alignment across tracks. (A reticle is a sighting line used to line up visual items, like cross hairs in a eyepiece.) The appearance and function of sighting lines can be changed when dragging auto keyframes. To see the effect, create some fader autos and drag a few to see the reticles drawn --- you will see something similar to the next screencast (figure~\ref{fig:always}). \textit{Always} renders a line over all plugins, and \textit{dragging} only over the drag icon. \textit{Never} draws nothing. The default is \textit{dragging}.
+In the \textit{Editing} section of \texttt{Settings $\rightarrow$ Preferences, Interface} tab there is \textit{Keyframe reticle} \index{keyframes reticle} with options of Never, Dragging, or Always. This is used to help in checking edit alignment across tracks. (A reticle is a sighting line used to line up visual items, like cross hairs in a eyepiece.) The appearance and function of sighting lines can be changed when dragging auto keyframes. To see the effect, create some fader autos and drag a few to see the reticles drawn --- you will see something similar to the next screencast (figure~\ref{fig:always}). \textit{Always} renders a line over all plugins, and \textit{dragging} only over the drag icon. \textit{Never} draws nothing. The default is \textit{dragging}.
\begin{figure}[htpb]
\centering
\end{wrapfigure}
Control points allow for setting the slope of auto curves and then
-subsequently adjusting that slope (figure~\ref{fig:controls}). To modify a current keyframe
+subsequently adjusting that slope (figure~\ref{fig:controls}) \index{control point handle}. To modify a current keyframe
you just right mouse it and change to either Tangent or Disjoint edit.
In the screencast to the right, the Fade Auto has pink colored curves and control points are seen as dashed lines next to the keyframe box with black filled circles on each end of the line. Use the Ctrl key with the left mouse button to modify the control point lines.
\section{Speed\,/\,Fade Automation Usage and Auto Gang}%
\label{sec:speed_fade_automation_gang}
+\index{keyframes auto gang}
Speed automation resamples the data at a higher or lower playback rate. Speed automation can operate
on all tracks of the same type, either video or audio, with a single click; or all tracks, both video and
\section{Bump autos}%
\label{sec:bump_autos}
+\index{keyframes: bump autos}
Bump autos are a kind of floating point keyframe that differs from the rest
of the floating autos, like smooth and linear, in that they have two values:
- a left edge and a right edge value.
+\qquad a left edge and a right edge value.
The presence of a \textit{bump} creates boundaries
to regions on the timeline. The region begins at that bump, and extends to
\item switch to \textit{gang media} mode. Now only the Master track is visible, but every change made on its keyframes is also applied to the other tracks. (see \nameref{sub:displaying_tracks_ganged})
\end{itemize}
-In the Camera and Projector tools configuration window you will find the \textit{Bump curve}, \textit{Span} and \textit{Rigth/Left Edge} buttons. The Camera-XYZ and Projector-XYZ curves can also create and use Bump autos. (see \nameref{ssub:camera_and_projector_menu})
+In the Camera and Projector tools configuration window \index{tool info} you will find the \textit{Bump curve}, \textit{Span} and \textit{Rigth/Left Edge} buttons. The Camera-XYZ and Projector-XYZ curves can also create and use Bump autos. (see \nameref{ssub:camera_and_projector_menu})
\paragraph{Note:} do not confuse the autos bump span button with the keyframes span button of the plugins (on MenuBar); they are different and work differently (see \nameref{sec:allow_keyframes_spanning}). With the plugin keyframes, the update is done by first creating a textual \texttt{diff} on the xml values of the plugin keyframes, then applying that diff to all of the keyframes selected in the \textit{span} range. The bump FloatAuto \texttt{bump\_update} subtracts the old and new values to create a \texttt{diff} that is added to all of the values in the [\textit{right\_edge $\dots$ auto values $\dots$ left\_edge}] region created by bump autos and media endpts.
\section{Plugin Keyframes}%
\label{sec:plugin_keyframe}
+\index{keyframes: plugin}
The Plugin keyframes are structured. The individual data values are named parameters to the keyframe function. For example, the hue plugin has keyframe parameters of hue, saturation, and value. Each plugin has its own parameters, and what they do depends on the plugin. Most of the time, it is pretty obvious what the value controls, like the audio gain plugin with the level parameter. Some of the plugins have a wide variety of controls, like the titler which can setup a wide number of controls, like formats, fonts, styles, placement, and so on.
\section{Default Keyframe}%
\label{sec:default_keyframe}
+\index{keyframes: default keyframe}
+\index{keyframes pulldown}
For plugins, there is a special hidden keyframe, called the \textit{default keyframe}, that is used when no previous keyframe exists. It is like keyframe zero on the timeline, and it is persistent and shared on
all sessions. The intent is to make a parameter set that is likely to be reused on all initial instances of the plugin. An example may be to color correct a set of media that was taken in low light, or needs resampling to be played correctly. The default keyframe is \textit{off the bar on the left side} of the plugin title bar and can not be seen. It is used when there is no \textit{previous} keyframe for its default values.
\section{Keyframe \textit{Edit Params} for Plugins}%
\label{sec:keyframe_edit_params_plugin}
+\index{plugins: preset edit}
-Keyframe values can be set using the various plugin \textit{show controls} (magnifying glass) icon on the plugin track (figure~\ref{fig:parameters}). It is possible to see all of the keyframe data in a raw format using the \textit{Edit Params} popup menu item which you will see when you right mouse click the keyframe icon on the timeline. The keyframe data is stored in xml format, and the \textit{edit params} feature allows you to view and modify the xml data directly. This normally should not be necessary since the plugin's control gui displays the intended parameters, but this will let you view and specify just about anything that can be specified in xml. There is no validation checking of the modified data.
+Keyframe values can be set using the various plugin \textit{plugins: show controls} \index{plugins: show controls} (magnifying glass) icon on the plugin track (figure~\ref{fig:parameters}). It is possible to see all of the keyframe data in a raw format using the \textit{Edit Params} popup menu item which you will see when you right mouse click the keyframe icon on the timeline. The keyframe data is stored in xml format, and the \textit{edit params} feature allows you to view and modify the xml data directly. This normally should not be necessary since the plugin's control gui displays the intended parameters, but this will let you view and specify just about anything that can be specified in xml. There is no validation checking of the modified data.
\begin{figure}[htpb]
\centering
\section{Generate Keyframes while Tweaking / Automatic Keyframe Mode}%
\label{sec:generate_keyframe_tweaking}
+\index{keyframes: automatic mode}
Tweaking is defined as changing a parameter while playing -- it can be small changes or small motion increments performed in a series. These changes are recorded as a series of new keyframes on the timeline. Enable automatic keyframe mode by enabling the automatic keyframe toggle, that is \textit{Generate keyframes while tweaking}. In automatic keyframe mode, every time you tweak a key-framable parameter it creates a keyframe on the timeline. Since keyframes affect playback, you should enable generate keyframes just before you need a keyframe and disable when your parameter changes are complete. So turn on when ready to make changes and turn off when done!
\section{Compositor Keyframes}%
\label{sec:compositor_keyframes}
+\index{keyframes: compositor}
Camera and projector translation is represented by two parameters: \textit{x} and \textit{y}, making it difficult to adjust with curves. \CGG{} solves this problem by relying on automatic keyframes. With a video track loaded, move the insertion point to the beginning of the track and enable automatic keyframe mode. Move the projector slightly in the compositor window to create a keyframe. Then go forward several seconds. Move the projector a long distance to create another keyframe and emphasize motion. This creates a second projector box in the compositor, with a line joining the two boxes. The joining line is the motion path. If you create more keyframes, more boxes are created. Once all the desired keyframes are created, disable automatic keyframe mode.
\section{More about Editing Keyframes}%
\label{sec:more_about_editing_keyframes}
+\index{keyframes editing operations}
Keyframes can be shifted around and moved between tracks on the timeline using similar cut and paste operations to editing media. Only the keyframes selected in the View menu are affected by keyframe editing operations.
\section{Allow Keyframe Spanning}%
\label{sec:allow_keyframes_spanning}
+\index{keyframes spanning}
\textit{Allow keyframe spanning} is enabled on the timeline by clicking on the icon that
is on the right side of the \textit{Generate keyframes while tweaking}. With this enabled,
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