--- /dev/null
+\chapter{Overview}%\r
+\label{cha:camcorders}\r
+\r
+This document describes the methods used to achieve a "backup type" or intermediate codec\r
+for non-edited source video camcorder formats, compatible with and viewable on Bluray hardware players. After you have\r
+moved your camcorder media onto a computer disk, you can with some extra effort, transfer them for safekeeping and\r
+longer term storage on simple viewable Blu-ray video discs. \r
+\r
+Transferring camcorder media to digital files on a computer, and next to optical Blu-ray video media is especially\r
+important for legacy tape-based camcorders, because tape will degrade over time. You can do this using a combination of\r
+free tools on Linux, generic and independent of any NLE. \r
+\r
+In this case we use and keep interlaced video as on the source or digitized video (PAL 50i, 25 fps) for both DV and HDV\r
+formats. As confirmed by the ffmpeg output below, DV uses 25 Mbps data rate (DV25), is Standard Definition (SD),\r
+resolution 720{\texttimes}576, 8 bits color depth 4:2:0, display aspect ratio (DAR) 4:3 while HDV is High Definition HD video,\r
+resolution 1440{\texttimes}1080, DAR 16:9, 8 bits color depth 4:2:0. \r
+\r
+We utilize or keep relative low MPEG-2 video compression at the same bit-rate 25 Mbps as the original video recorded\r
+onto the source tapes. That is about 13 GB per hour video and audio in total, and about 3 hours playtime with 40 GB\r
+BD-video size (of max 46.5 GB) on each 50 GB BD-R DL Blu-ray disc. Audio is transcoded to uncompressed LPCM compatible\r
+with BD-video. \r
+\r
+In this how-to we combine \textbf{ffmpeg}, \textbf{tsMuxeR} and \textbf{xorriso} to create the MTS-video stream, to\r
+create the Blu-ray ISO image, and to burn the image to Blu-ray video disc. The benefit of using tsMuxer here, is its\r
+support of UDF version 2.50 as required by the Blu-ray video standard. Listed next are the possible camcorder video formats on Blu-ray video discs.\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item \textbf{DV} (1995) transfer to SD-blu-ray video (re-encoding video to mpeg2, re-encoding DV LPCM audio to Blu-ray LPCM) \r
+\item \textbf{HDV} (2004) transfer to blu-ray video (copying mpeg2 video, re-encoding MP2 audio to Blu-ray LPCM or AC3) \r
+\item \textbf{AVCHD} (2006-current) transfer to Blu-ray video (copying H.264 video and AC3 audio)\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+An alternative method as described in the CinGG manual, is to use \textit{mkudffs} and \textit{bdwrite} packaged with CinGG, to create the udfs image and burn it to Blu-ray disc using \textit{growisofs} or \textit{dd}. \\\r
+{\small \url{https://cinelerra-gg.org/download/CinelerraGG\_Manual/Creating\_Blu\_ray\_Without\_Re.html}}\r
+\r
+There are other methods described on the internet and there are alternatives to the software programs used here that work as well. \r
+\r
+\chapter{Video recording formats}%\r
+\label{cha:recording}\r
+\r
+A description of the most common video recording formats for consumer and prosumer equipment; camcorders, analog video\r
+cassette recorders (VCR decks), digital video hard disc recorders, and optical disc recorders (DVD, Blu-ray).\r
+\r
+\section{\textbf{Analog video} (legacy) onto magnetic tape cassettes}%\r
+\label{sec:analog}\r
+\settocdepth{subsection}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{VHS (1976), VHS-C (1982), and Video8 (1984)}}%\r
+\label{sub:vhs1976}\r
+\r
+%\r
+% WARNING - the next line will change it for every list for rest of document\r
+%\r
+\setlist{noitemsep}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Composite Audio/Video is encoded on one channel with maximum horizontal resolution 240 (250) dots (or visually\r
+resolvable vertical picture lines) for VHS/VHS-C and 280 dots for Video8 (2.7MHz video bandwidth).\r
+\item In comparision, horizontal resolution bandwidth for PAL broadcast: 5.0-5.5 MHz, NTSC: 4.2 MHz.\r
+\item It is the horizontal resolution that makes the big difference in picture quality since all video formats have the\r
+same number of vertical resolution (or visible horizontal scan lines); always 576 for PAL/SECAM and 486 for NTSC.\r
+\item RCA (phono) connectors: yellow for composite video, red and white for left and right audio signals.\r
+\item 21-pin SCART Euro connector with optional RCA adapter.\r
+\item Magnetic tape media in full size VHS (1/2") cassettes, VHS-C (1/4") compact and 8\ mm cassettes.\r
+\item Cassette adapters to playback compact VHS-C cassettes on full size VHS decks/players.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\subsection{SVHS (Super VHS, 1987), SVHS-C (-Compact, 1987) and Hi8 (1989)}%\r
+\label{sub:svhs1987}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item S-Video (separate video, Y/C) encodes video \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma\_(video)}{luma}\r
+(brightness/contrast/black\&white) and\r
+\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance}{chrom}\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance}{a} (color) on\r
+two separate channels, achieving higher image quality and amount of picture details over composite video.\r
+\item Max visible horizontal resolution is 400 dots for SVHS/SVHS-C and 440 dots for Hi8 systems on high-end VCR\r
+machines (4.5 MHz decks). In practice consumer/prosumer camcorder recordings quality vary from about 330-350 dots\r
+horizontal resolution (3.5MHz), which is equivalent to analog TV set quality.\r
+\item 4-pin mini-DIN S-video connector for Y/C video, red and white RCA line connectors for left and right audio;\r
+optional SCART Euro adapter with 4-pin video and RCA audio connectors.\r
+\item In comparision, analog Component video (three component YPbPr) has the highest color resolution and is encoded\r
+over three channels with green, blue and red RCA connectors (consumer) or with BNC connectors (prosumer), additional red\r
+and white phono line connectors for audio.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\section{\textbf{Digital video}}%\r
+\label{sec:digital}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{DV (1995), Digital8 (1999)}}%\r
+\label{sub:dv1995}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item DV refers to a family of codecs and tape formats used for storing digital video, especially on MiniDV cassettes, the most popular tape format, or on Digital8 cassettes using a DV codec. \r
+\item DV codecs are still sometimes used when dealing with legacy standard definition SD video:\r
+ \newline\hspace*{.5cm}PAL: 625i50, 720 {\texttimes} 576 frame size, 25 fps, 8 bit 4:2:0 subsampling\r
+ \newline\hspace*{.5cm}NTSC: 525i60, 720 {\texttimes} 480 frame size, 30 fps, 8-bit 4:1:1 subsampling\r
+\item The same frame size is used for 4:3 and 16:9 frame aspect ratios, resulting in different pixel aspect ratios for\r
+fullscreen and anamorphic widescreen video.\r
+\item DV uses lossy, DCT algorithm intraframe video compression 5:1 on a frame-by-frame basis.\r
+\item Audio almost exclusively is stored as 16-bit LPCM at 48 kHz sampling rate, 1.5 Mbit/s stereo.\r
+\item Data rate is about 25 Mbit/s for video, thus DV25, and an additional 1.5 Mbit/s for PCM audio. \r
+\item Total stream is 29 Mbps, or 3.6 MiB/s. The information output is approximately 200 MiB per minute, 12 GiB or 13 GB\r
+per hour playtime.\r
+\item DV camcorders and decks have IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.LINK) ports for digital video transfer. \r
+\item \textbf{DV50} (Digital-S or D-9 and DVCPRO50) is a 50 Mbit/s variant of DV with improved 4:2:2 chroma subsampling and 3.3:1 compression. This in effect cuts total record time of any given storage medium in half compared to DV25. \r
+\item DV was strongly associated with the transition from analog to digital desktop video production.\r
+\item Digital8 equipment recorded in DV format only, but usually could playback Video8 and Hi8 tapes as well, and were\r
+also capable to do analog to digital video conversion during playback. \r
+\item Most (but not all) modern digital camcorders provided an analog-to-digital\r
+"passthrough" capability. This feature fed an analog input signal (usually via S-Video,\r
+sometimes RCA) into the camcorder and output a standard DV signal. The camcorder converts the analog signal on-the-fly\r
+using a hardware encoder. The input device could be your old analog camcorder (playing 8\ mm or Hi8 tapes), a VHS/VHS-C\r
+video player, to convert analog to digital output via Firewire \textbf{dv} file extension.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{DVD-Video} (1996)}%\r
+\label{sub:DVD-Video}\r
+\r
+DVD-Video discs are intended for full-length movies and offer a range of features including the following:\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Playing time: a nominal 133 minutes playing time for DVD-5 or each side of a DVD-10 and 240 minutes for DVD-9 using opposite track path format. In practice playing times are often reduced in favour of improved quality.\r
+\item Video encoding: MPEG-2 (\href{mailto:MP@ML}{MP@ML}) or MPEG-1.\r
+\item Audio Quality and Languages: Dolby Digital, DTS, MPEG-2 or Linear PCM audio for up to 5.1 channel surround sound.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item To record digital video, DVD-Video uses \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2\_Part\_2}{H.262/MPEG-2 Part\r
+2} compression at up to 9.8~Mbit/s, maximum of 10.08 Mbit/s can be split amongst audio and video. DVD-Video supports\r
+video with a \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color\_depth}{bit depth} of 8 bits per color, encoded as\r
+\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr}{YCbCr} with 4:2:0\r
+\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma\_subsampling}{chroma subsampling}. The H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 format supports\r
+both interlaced and progressive scan content.\r
+\item As for lines of horizontal resolution, DVD has about 500. In analog output signal terms, typical luma frequency\r
+response maintains 53/145 full amplitude to between 5.0 - 5.5 MHz. This is below the 6.75 MHz native frequency of the\r
+MPEG-2 digital signal. Chroma frequency response is one-half that of luma.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+The following formats are allowed for H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video:\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item At a display rate of 25 frames per second, interlaced or progressive scan (commonly used in regions with 50 Hz\r
+image scanning frequency, compatible with analog 625-line PAL/SECAM):\r
+ \begin{adjustwidth}{.5cm}{0cm}\r
+ 720 {\texttimes} 576 pixels (D-1 resolution, 4:3 fullscreen or 16:9 anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio)\r
+ \end{adjustwidth}\r
+\item At a display rate of 29.97 frames per second, interlaced or progressive scan (commonly used in regions with 60 Hz\r
+image scanning frequency, compatible with analog 525-line NTSC):\r
+ \begin{adjustwidth}{.5cm}{0cm}\r
+ 720 {\texttimes} 480 pixels (D-1 resolution, 4:3 or 16:9)\r
+ \end{adjustwidth}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+The official allowed formats for the audio tracks on a DVD-Video are:\r
+ \begin{itemize}\r
+ \item PCM: 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling rate, 16 bit or 24 bit Linear PCM, 2 to 6 channels, up to 6,144 kbit/s; N. B.\r
+16-bit 48 kHz 8 channel PCM is allowed by the DVD-Video specification but is not well supported by authoring\r
+applications or players.\r
+ \item AC-3: 48 kHz sampling rate, 1 to 5.1 (6) channels, up to 448 kbit/s.\r
+ \item MP2: 48 kHz sampling rate, 1 to 7.1 channels, up to 912 kbit/s.\r
+ \item DTS: 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling rate; channel layouts = 2.0, 2.1, 5.0, 5.1, 6.1; bitrates for 2.0 and 2.1 =\r
+377.25 and 503.25 kbit/s, bitrates for 5.x and 6.1 = 754.5 and 1509.75 kbit/s.\r
+\item File system.\\\r
+\item Almost all DVD-Video discs use the UDF bridge format, which is a combination of the DVD MicroUDF (a subset of UDF\r
+1.02) and ISO 9660 file systems. The UDF bridge format provides backwards compatibility for operating systems that\r
+support only ISO 9660. Most DVD players read the UDF filesystem from a DVD-Video disc and ignore the ISO9660\r
+filesystem. \r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{HDV (2003)}}%\r
+\label{sub:HDV2003}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item HDV was a successor format to DV with an updated video codec, and used the same MiniDV cassette format, optional\r
+specifically for HDV recording on tape with reduced drop-out rate.\r
+\item Some manufacturers offered on (larger) camera hard disk recording units capable of recording HDV both onto tape\r
+and/or onto file-based media via FireWire connection. \r
+\item HDV camcorders can typically switch between HDV/MP2 and SD-DV/PCM recording modes.\r
+\item HDV 1080i with horizontal resolution 1440 is twice the 720 resolution of DV and DVD, and the perceived\r
+sharpness with HDV is much higher when scaled up to full HD (TV) resolution.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\begin{tabular}{ll}\r
+------------------- \\\r
+{\textbullet}\textbf{HDV 1080i} specification (HD2): & \textbf{HDV 720p} specification (HD1): \\\r
+{\textbullet} 1080/ 50i (PAL), 1080/ 60i (NTSC) & 720/25p, 720/50p,720/30p, and 720/60p \\\r
+{\textbullet} 1440 {\texttimes} 1080, anamorphic pixels 4:3=1.33 & 1280 x 720, Pixel aspect ratio 1.0 \\ \r
+{\textbullet} 16:9 Display aspect ratio & 16:9 Display aspect ratio \\\r
+\hspace*{.5cm} - 720{\texttimes}480/ 60i (SD-DV 4:3 og 16:9) \\\r
+\hspace*{.5cm} - 720{\texttimes}576/ 50i (SD-DV 4:3 og 16:9) \\\r
+{\textbullet} MPEG-2 interframe GOP (\href{mailto:MP@H-14}{MP@H-14}) & MPEG-2 (\href{mailto:MP@H-14/HL}{MP@H-14/HL}) \\\r
+{\textbullet} 8 bit color depth 4:2:0 subsampling & 8 bit color depth 4:2:0 subsampling \\\r
+{\textbullet} 25 Mbps data rate after compression (20:1) & 19.4 Mbps data rate after compression \\\r
+{\textbullet} MP2/MPEG-1 Audio Layer II & MP2/MPEG-1 Audio Layer II \\ \r
+{\textbullet} Stereo (2-ch), 384 kbps & Stereo (2-ch), 384 kbps \\\r
+{\textbullet} A/V out: HDMI, Component, S-video/RCA\ & A/V out: HDMI, Component, S-video/RCA \\\r
+{\textbullet} IEEE 1394 (MPEG-2-TS) stream interface & IEEE 1394 (MPEG-2-TS) stream interface \\\r
+{\textbullet} M2T file extension & M2T file extension\r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{AVCHD (2006-current)}}%\r
+\label{sub:AVCHD}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item AVCHD stands for \textit{Advanced Video Coding High Definition}, in particular, \textit{MPEG-4 Part 10:\r
+AVC/H.264}. The intent of the H.264/AVC project was to create a standard capable of providing good video quality at\r
+substantially lower bit rates than previous standards (i.e., half or less the bit rate of MPEG-2, H.263, or MPEG-4 Part\r
+2). \\ \r
+\item AVCHD is a file based format for digital camcorders to record and playback 1080i and 720p HD-video onto certain\r
+random access media. Memory cards, thumb drives, and HDDs use the FAT file system. This highly compressed video allows for\r
+recording long videos in high definition.\\\r
+\item AVCHD was originally a simplified version of the Blu-ray standard to enable DVD and BD-based camcorders.\r
+Recordable optical discs use UDF or ISO9660 derived from the Blu-ray disc specification. For example, it utilizes a\r
+legacy 8.3 file naming system while Blu-ray disc uses long filenames. \\\r
+\item MTS file extension changes to M2TS when MTS recorded data is transferred to the computer for storing the video in\r
+a Blu-ray disc. \\\r
+\item Playback is possible on an AVCHD-compatible Blu-ray Disc player/recorder, DVD player/recorder, or PlayStation 3, \r
+the 8 cm DVDs (discs recorded in AVCHD) you have recorded or DVDs (discs recorded in AVCHD) and Blu-ray Discs created\r
+by importing videos to a PC or Blu-ray Disc player. \\\r
+\item Today AVCHD is the most popular camcorder format for consumers and prosumers, and is also available as AVCHD\r
+Progressive/PCM models for professional use.\\\r
+\item AVCHD supports both \textit{AVCHD-SD Standard Definition} and \textit{AVCHD 1080i High Definition} interlaced\r
+video, while AVCHD 1080i is available with most AVCHD camcorders. AVCHD supports 720-line progressive recording mode at\r
+frame rates of 24 and 60 frames/s for 60 Hz models and 50 frames/s for 50 Hz models.\\\r
+\item Also, 3D (MVC format) and 1080/60p(1080/50p) video formats were added as an extension to the AVCHD format to\r
+create the \textit{AVCHD Ver. 2.0, 2011} (AVCHD 3D, AVCHD Progressive) format. Compatibility in AVCHD Ver. 2.0 format compliant devices is secured by being standardized as the AVCHD format.\\\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\begin{tabular}{ll}\r
+ \textbf{8\ cm DVD/Built-in/SD Memory/M-Stick: } & \textbf{Built-in media/SD Memory/Memory Stick:} \\\r
+\r
+ {\textbullet} 1920{\texttimes}1080/ 60i, 50i, 24p & 1920{\texttimes}1080/ 60p, 50p \\ \r
+ {\textbullet} 1440{\texttimes}1080/ 60i, 50i, 24p & 1440{\texttimes}1080/ 60p, 50p \\\r
+ {\textbullet} 1280{\texttimes}720/ 60i, 50i, 24p & 1280{\texttimes}720/ 60p, 50p \\\r
+ {\textbullet} 720{\texttimes}480/ 60i (SD 4:3 og 16:9) \\\r
+ {\textbullet} 720{\texttimes}576/ 50i (SD 4:3 og 16:9) \\ \r
+ {\textbullet} 16:9 Display aspect ratio & 16:9 Display aspect ratio \\\r
+ {\textbullet} MPEG-4 Part 10: AVC / H.264 & MPEG-4 Part 10: AVC / H.264 \\\r
+ {\textbullet} 8 bit color depth 4:2:0 subsampling & 8 bit color depth 4:2:0 subsampling \\\r
+ {\textbullet} {\textless}= 24 Mbps data rate & {\textless}= 28 Mbps data rate \\\r
+ {\textbullet} {\textless}= 18 Mbps data rate for DVD \\\r
+ {\textbullet} Dolby Digital AC-3\ \ , 64-640 kbps & Dolby Digital AC-3, 64-640 kbps \\ \r
+ \hspace*{.3cm} 2 ch stereo and 5.1 (5-ch + subw.) surround & \hspace*{.3cm} 1$\sim$ 5.1 channels \\\r
+ {\textbullet} Linear PCM, 1.5 Mbps (2 ch) & Linear PCM, 1.5 Mbps (2 ch) \\\r
+ \hspace*{.3cm}1$\sim$ 7.1 channels & \hspace*{.3cm} 1$\sim$ 7.1 channels \\\r
+ {\textbullet} A/V out: HDMI, Component, S-video/RCA & A/V out: HDMI, Component, S-video/RCA \\\r
+ {\textbullet} MPEG-2 Transport Stream & MPEG-2 Transport Stream \\\r
+ {\textbullet} MTS file extension\ \ (recorded) & MTS file extension (recorded) \\\r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\r
+\subsection{\textbf{Blu-ray BD-Video (2006), UHD-video (2016)}}%\r
+\label{sub:Blu-ray}\r
+\r
+All standard DVDs will play on existing Blu-ray players, making the switch to Blu-ray much easier than the switch\r
+from VHS to DVD. Ultra HD Blu-ray is the latest version available, supporting 4K resolution content. Historically,\r
+Blu-ray Disc allows video with a color (bit) depth of 8-bits per color YCbCr with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling (colors\r
+compressed to 25\% of uncompressed), which means 256 possible values for red, green and blue; 16.7 million colors in\r
+total. Ultra-HD Blu Ray is 10-bit 4:2:0 to reduce color banding, giving 1024 values for RGB, 1.0 billion colors in\r
+total, or 64x more than 8-bit.\r
+\r
+BDMV Video encoding: \r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item UDF2.5 as file system (BD-R/RE, 2005)\r
+\item M2TS file extension\r
+\item H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 (\href{mailto:MP@HL}{MP@HL}, \href{mailto:MP@ML}{MP@ML})\r
+\item H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (\href{mailto:HP@L4.1}{HP@4.1}, \href{mailto:MP@L4.1}{MP@4.1})\r
+\item SMPTE VC-1 (\href{mailto:AP@L3}{AP@L3})\r
+\item H.265/H.265/MPEG-H Part 2 (HEVC) (only Ultra HD Blu-ray on High-density optical disc)\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio\r
+and video data), and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s., BD disc capacities, each with its own data rate: \r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item 25 GB (BD-R SL)\r
+\item 50, 66 GB (BD-R DL) at 72 or 92 Mbit/s (50 GB BD-R DL 4x read speed supports UHD-video)\r
+\item 100 GB (TL), 128 GB (QL) at 92, 123, or 144 Mbit/s (BD-R XL)\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+Supported video formats (shortened):\r
+\r
+\begin{tabular}{ l c c}\r
+\textbf{Format} & \textbf{Resolution and frame rate} & \textbf{Display aspect ratio }\\\r
+\r
+4K UHD & 3840x2160 60p, 50p & 16:9 \\\r
+ & 3840x2160 25p, 24p & 16:9 \\\r
+\\\r
+HD & 1920x1080 60p, 50p & 16:9 \\\r
+ & 1920x1080 25p, 24p & 16:9 \\\r
+ & 1920x1080 29.97i, 25i & 16:9 \\\r
+ & 1440x1080 29.97i, 25i & 16:9\\\r
+\\\r
+HD & 1440x1080 24p & 16:9\\\r
+ & 1280x720 59.94p, 50p 1 & 16:9 \\\r
+ & 1280x720 24p & 16:9 \\\r
+\\\r
+SD & 720x480 29.97i, 25i & 4:3 or 16:9\\\r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\r
+\chapter{How to digitize and capture analog video to digital SD video format with A/D video conversion}%\r
+\label{cha:how_to}\r
+\r
+\section{Methods and workflow}%\r
+\label{sec:methods}\r
+\r
+There are a number of ways to get analog source recorded video digitized and captured into the computer. \r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item One way is to use the passthrough feature of an available miniDV camcorder or the digital output of a Sony Digital 8\r
+camcorder to convert the Hi8 source to DV, which is then sent via firewire to the computer.\r
+\item Another alternative might be a Linux supported external capture card to USB3 (often MPEG-4), or find a higher-end\r
+internal PCIe analog video capture card to store uncompressed, 422 or DV video. \r
+\item A third way is to use a standalone analog to digital A/D converter and capture device. This might be to DV HDD recorder\r
+or optional to a high-end analog/SDI and a SSD 422 codec (i.e ProRes) recorder.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\hspace*{.9cm} An example workflow and setup for this third way:\r
+\r
+\small{Analog Hi8 \hspace*{.15cm} S-Video \hspace*{.8cm} S-Video} \\\r
+ tape player ----------> TBC --------------> A/D-conv. \\\r
+\hspace*{8cm} $\backslash$ \_ DV/HDV HDD \hspace*{.5cm} Firewire \hspace*{.5cm} PC \\\r
+\hspace*{8.3cm} \_ rec/player ------------------------> DV/M2T \\\r
+\hspace*{6.4cm} Firewire \hspace*{.1cm}/ \\\r
+\hspace*{3.5cm} HDV tape player ----------->\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item A fourth, interesting way as discussed on the CinGG mailing list (yet to be tested), is to combine a HDMI-USB3 capture dongle with an Analog Video to Digital HDMI miniConverter (ADC). The analog video player output (via TBC) connects to the actual input connectors (S-video/RCA or possibly Component) of the adapter. Reference the following from/to: \\\r
+{\small \url{https://lists.cinelerra-gg.org/pipermail/cin/2021-October/003960.html}} \\\r
+{\small \url{https://lists.cinelerra-gg.org/pipermail/cin/2021-October/003970.html}}\r
+\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+{\small \texttt{S-Video Out -> A/D video converter -> HDMI/USB3-> HDMI/USB3 capture card}}\r
+\r
+\section{Equipment and setup}%\r
+\label{sec:equipment}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item The first required is a tape player device (VCR deck or camcorder) to playback the analog video tape cassette formats,\r
+either VHS/ SVHS, VHS-C/ SVHS-C or Video8/ Hi8. Use a video head cleaning tape before use. Wind and rewind the tape\r
+cassette before playback in Edit mode "ON" to minimize picture deterioration. \\\r
+\item A second recommended device for all capture methods is a Time Base Corrector (TBC). Connected to the analog output of\r
+a VCR, a good TBC can make wonder and remove most or all of the flagging, shaky pictures, wavy lines, and other time\r
+base problems from a videotape, to get a clearer and more steady picture. The best is a standalone, fullframe\r
+high-resolution TBC of broadcast quality; minimum is a line-based TBC built in high-end VCR decks. \\\r
+\item A third, optional feature before digitizing is a noise filter to reduce/soften noise and grain (snow) from bad VHS tape\r
+recordings, or also when video that is over-processed using sharpness controls and enhancers. Noise filter adjustment\r
+may be part of the TBC setup and preview, or fixed built in the playback VCR. Optional a standalone Video\r
+corrector/processor if available can be used, where also optional brightness, contrast and color saturation/correction\r
+can be adjusted.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\section{Example articles and references}%\r
+\label{sec:example}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Digitizing Analog Video through a Digital Camcorder (Michael Steil, 2022) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://www.pagetable.com/?p=1697}} \\\r
+\item How to Get the Best Images Digitizing SD Video (TBC/ProRes, Larry Jordan, 2021) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://larryjordan.com/articles/how-to-get-the-best-images-digitizing-sd-video/}} \\\r
+\item Digitize analog cassettes (VHS or 8\ mm) with Linux (USB/H.264, Corinne HENIN, 2021) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://www.arsouyes.org/en/blog/2021/2021-05-17\_Numerisation\_VHS}} \\\r
+\item The Digitization of VHS Videotapes -- Technical Bulletin 31 -- Canada.ca (Joe Iraci, 2020) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/technical-bulletins/digitization-vhs-video-tapes.html}} \\\r
+\item Hi8 to DVD Workflow in Linux (Eric Olson, Renomath (2012) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://renomath.org/video/linux/hi8/}} \\\r
+\item Transfer VHS/DVD Media or Video8/Hi8 Tapes into CINELERRA-GG (chpt. 13.4 manual) \\\r
+{\small \url{https://cinelerra-gg.org/download/CinelerraGG\_Manual/Transfer\_VHS\_DVD\_Media\_or\_V.html}}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\chapter{\textbf{DV files converted to Blu-ray compliant MPEG-2/LPCM and authored to SD BD-Video}}%\r
+\label{cha:dv_files}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 1}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Prepare a 40 GB continuously DV input file by joining and concatenating the actual dv clips in order. Each\r
+digitized Hi8 video tape was automatically split and recorded as a numbered series of 2.0 GB dv files each. \\\r
+\item Naming convention used, for example, for Tape \#1 with clips in order: \texttt{dv01, dv01-01, dv01\_02, dv01\_03},\r
+etc. For the full example at the end of this article, the concatenated \texttt{DV41\_02+DV42+DV43\_02} contains the clips from on\r
+ \texttt{dv41\_02+all dv42} up to and including \texttt{dv43\_02}.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 2}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Encode DV to MPEG-2 video and "re-encode" uncompressed PCM to Blu-ray PCM audio and\r
+remux to interlaced SD-BD-video.mts: \r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+ffmpeg -i DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.dv -c:v mpeg2video -refs 1 -bf 2 -b:v 25M -maxrate 25M -minrate 25M -bufsize 28M -muxrate 28M -dc 10 -c:a pcm_bluray -mpegts_m2ts_mode 1 -flags +ilme+ildct SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.mts\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 3}\r
+\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Run \textbf{tsMuxer} (screenshot of tsMuxer usage is displayed at the end of this article). The following\r
+parameters are shown for tsMuxer\_SD\_M2TS: \\\r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Input file: \texttt{SD-BD\_DV41\_02+DV42+DV43\_02.mts} \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Tracs:\hspace*{.63cm}\ MPEG-2 video stream and LPCM audio stream \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Output:\hspace*{.37cm} \texttt{SD-BD\_DV41\_02+DV42+DV43\_02.iso}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 4}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Burn the iso SD-BD-Video image with \textbf{xorriso} on a BD-R DL 50 GB disc:\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+xorriso -as cdrecord -v -sao dev=/dev/sr1 SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.iso\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\chapter{\textbf{HDV.m2t files converted and authored to HD BD-Video}}%\r
+\label{cha:hdvm2t}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 1}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Prepare the source HDV.m2t file using hdv clips as for DV above.\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 2}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Copying the mpeg2 video, re-encoding MP2 audio to Blu-ray LPCM. If using an ffmpeg version lower than 5.1,\r
+substitute ac3 for pcm\_bluray and add -b:a 384 to override lower default. \r
+\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+ffmpeg -i HDV.m2t -c:v copy -c:a pcm_bluray -mpegts_m2ts_mode 1 HDV.mts \r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 3}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Run \textbf{tsMuxer} (screenshot of tsMuxer usage is displayed at the end of this article). \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Input file: \texttt{HD-BD\_HDV.mts} \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Tracs: \hspace*{.5cm} MPEG-2 video stream and LPCM audio stream \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Output: \hspace*{.25cm} \texttt{HD-BD\_HDV.iso}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 4}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Burn the iso HD-BD-Video image with \textbf{xorriso} on a BD-R DL 50 GB disc:\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+ xorriso -as cdrecord -v -sao dev=/dev/sr1 HD-BD_HDV.iso\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+\chapter{\textbf{Full example output}}%\r
+\label{cha:full}\r
+\r
+\section{DV files converted to Blu-ray compliant MPEG-2 video and LPCM audio, authored to SD BD-Video and burned to a BD-R\r
+DL}%\r
+\label{sec:DVFILES}\r
+\r
+17/01-2023 \\\r
+SD-BD\_DV41\_02+DV42+DV43\_02 \\\r
+-----------------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 1}\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+cd /run/media/terje/Seagate_8TB_back/video/DV\r
+\r
+cat dv41_02.dv dv41_03.dv dv41_04.dv dv41_05.dv dv41_06.dv dv41_07.dv dv41_08.dv dv41_09.dv dv42.dv dv42_01.dv dv42_02.dv dv42_03.dv dv42_04.dv dv42_05.dv dv42_06.dv dv42_07.dv dv42_08.dv dv42_09.dv dv43.dv dv43_01.dv dv43_02.dv > /home/terje/Videoklipp/SD-BD-DV-iso/DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.dv\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+cd /home/terje/Videoklipp/SD-BD-DV-iso\r
+\r
+du -sh DV*\r
+40G DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.dv\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+------------------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 2}\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+cd /home_lp154/terje/Videoklipp/SD-BD-DV-iso\r
+\r
+ffmpeg -i DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.dv -c:v mpeg2video -refs 1 -bf 2 -b:v 25M -maxrate 25M -minrate 25M -bufsize 28M -muxrate 28M -dc 10 -c:a pcm_bluray -mpegts_m2ts_mode 1 -flags +ilme+ildct SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.mts\r
+\r
+ffmpeg version 5.1.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers\r
+ built with gcc 12 (SUSE Linux)\r
+.............................\r
+\r
+(NOTE: the @ sign represents the pound sign in the next 21 lines)\r
+\r
+Input @0, dv, from 'DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.dv':\r
+ Metadata:\r
+ timecode : 00:19:52:24\r
+ Duration: 03:15:53.28, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 28800 kb/s\r
+ Stream @0:0: Video: dvvideo, yuv420p, 720x576 [SAR 16:15 DAR 4:3], 25000 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25 tbn\r
+ Stream @0:1: Audio: pcm_s16le, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 1536 kb/s\r
+Stream mapping:\r
+ Stream @0:0 -> @0:0 (dvvideo (native) -> mpeg2video (native))\r
+ Stream @0:1 -> @0:1 (pcm_s16le (native) -> pcm_bluray (native))\r
+Press [q] to stop, [?] for help\r
+[mpeg2video @ 0x558bb9453ac0] Warning vbv_delay will be set to 0xFFFF (=VBR) as the specified vbv buffer is too large for the given bitrate!\r
+Output @0, mpegts, to 'SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.mts':\r
+ Metadata:\r
+ timecode : 00:19:52:24\r
+ encoder : Lavf59.27.100\r
+ Stream @0:0: Video: mpeg2video (Main), yuv420p(bottom coded first (swapped)), 720x576 [SAR 16:15 DAR 4:3], q=2-31,25000 kb/s, 25 fps, 90k tbn\r
+ Metadata:\r
+ encoder : Lavc59.37.100 mpeg2video\r
+ Side data:\r
+ cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 25000000/25000000/25000000 buffer size: 28000000 vbv_delay: N/A\r
+ Stream @0:1: Audio: pcm_bluray, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 128 kb/s\r
+ Metadata:\r
+ encoder : Lavc59.37.100 pcm_bluray\r
+frame=293832 fps=373 q=2.5 Lsize=41027202kB time=03:15:53.28 bitrate=28595.8kbits/s speed=14.9x \r
+video:35867310kB audio:2212922kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 7.738845%\r
+\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+du -sh *.mts\r
+40G SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.mts\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 3}\r
+\begin{itemize}\r
+\item Run \textbf{tsMuxer} (screenshots of tsMuxer usage are displayed at the end of this article). \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Input file: \texttt{HD-BD\_HDV.mts} \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Tracs: \hspace*{.5cm} MPEG-2 video stream and LPCM audio stream \r
+\newline\hspace*{.5cm} Output: \hspace*{.2cm} \texttt{HD-BD\_HDV.iso}\r
+\end{itemize}\r
+\r
+-------------------------------- \r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+du -sh *.iso\r
+39G SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.iso\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\textbf{Step 4}\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh,escapechar=\^]\r
+MediaRange BD-R DL\r
+\r
+eject /dev/sr1\r
+eject -t /dev/sr1\r
+\r
+umount /dev/sr1\r
+umount: /dev/sr1: not mounted.\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+ \r
+xorriso -devices\r
+xorriso 1.5.4 : RockRidge filesystem manipulator, libburnia project.\r
+\r
+Beginning to scan for devices ...\r
+Full drive scan done\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+0 -dev '/dev/sr0' rwrw-- : 'HL-DT-ST' 'BD-RE BH10LS30'\r
+1 -dev '/dev/sr1' rwrw-- : 'ASUS ' 'BW-16D1X-U'\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+\r
+Device og media info for a new BD-R DL (MediaRange):\r
+--------------------------------------\r
+xorrecord -dev=/dev/sr1 -atip\r
+xorriso 1.5.4 : RockRidge filesystem manipulator, libburnia project.\r
+\r
+Drive current: -outdev '/dev/sr1'\r
+Media current: BD-R sequential recording\r
+Media status : is blank\r
+Media summary: 0 sessions, 0 data blocks, 0 data, 46.6g free\r
+Device type : Removable CD-ROM\r
+Vendor_info : 'ASUS'\r
+Identifikation : 'BW-16D1X-U'\r
+Revision : 'A105'\r
+Driver flags : BURNFREE\r
+Supported modes: SAO TAO\r
+Current: BD-R sequential recording\r
+Profile: 0x0043 (BD-RE)\r
+Profile: 0x0042 (BD-R random recording)\r
+Profile: 0x0041 (BD-R sequential recording) (current)\r
+Profile: 0x0040 (BD-ROM)\r
+Profile: 0x002B (DVD+R/DL)\r
+Profile: 0x001B (DVD+R)\r
+Profile: 0x001A (DVD+RW)\r
+Profile: 0x0016 (DVD-R/DL layer jump recording)\r
+Profile: 0x0015 (DVD-R/DL sequential recording)\r
+Profile: 0x0014 (DVD-RW sequential recording)\r
+Profile: 0x0013 (DVD-RW restricted overwrite)\r
+Profile: 0x0012 (DVD-RAM)\r
+Profile: 0x0011 (DVD-R sequential recording)\r
+Profile: 0x0010 (DVD-ROM)\r
+Profile: 0x000A (CD-RW)\r
+Profile: 0x0009 (CD-R)\r
+Profile: 0x0008 (CD-ROM)\r
+Profile: 0x0002 (Removable disk)\r
+Mounted Media: 41h, BD-R sequential recording\r
+Product Id: CMCMAG/DI6/0\r
+Producer: CMC Magnetics Corporation\r
+Manufacturer: 'CMCMAG'\r
+Media type: 'DI6'\r
+-------------------------------------- \r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\r
+\underline{Burning the 40 GB SD-BD-Video iso image to a BD-R DL disc:}\r
+\r
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=sh]\r
+27 min\r
+\r
+xorriso -as cdrecord -v -sao dev=/dev/sr1 SD-BD_DV41_02+DV42+DV43_02.iso\r
+\r
+xorriso 1.5.4 : RockRidge filesystem manipulator, libburnia project.\r
+Drive current: -outdev '/dev/sr1'\r
+Media current: BD-R sequential recording\r
+Media status : is blank\r
+Media summary: 0 sessions, 0 data blocks, 0 data, 46.6g free\r
+Beginning to write data track.\r
+...........\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : 39219 of 39251 MB written (fifo 71%) [buf 100%] 6.1x.\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : 39245 of 39251 MB written (fifo 80%) [buf 100%] 6.1x.\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : 39251 of 39251 MB written (fifo 0%) [buf 100%] 1.5x.\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : 39251 of 39251 MB written (fifo 0%) [buf 100%] 0.0x.\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : Closing track/session. Working since 1587 seconds\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : Closing track/session. Working since 1588 seconds\r
+..........\r
+xorriso : UPDATE : Closing track/session. Working since 1627 seconds\r
+Writing to '/dev/sr1' completed successfully.\r
+\r
+xorriso : NOTE : Re-assessing -outdev '/dev/sr1'\r
+xorriso : NOTE : Disc status unsuitable for writing\r
+Drive current: -outdev '/dev/sr1'\r
+Media current: BD-ROM\r
+Media status : is written , is closed\r
+Media summary: 1 session, 20096864 data blocks, 38.3g data, 0 free\r
+\end{lstlisting}\r
+\r
+\begin{figure}[htpb]\r
+\centering\r
+\includegraphics[width=15.132cm,height=9.823cm]{Preserving.png}\r
+\end{figure}\r
projects / goodguy / cin-manual-latex.git / commitdiff
