\chapter{DVD and Bluray Creation}%
\label{cha:dvd_bluray_creation}
-This section describes how to create a blu-ray DVD, or \textcolor{red}{BD} referring to a \textcolor{red}{B}lu-ray \textcolor{red}{D}VD, and a regular DVD, or \textcolor{red}{SD} referring to a \textcolor{red}{S}tandard \textcolor{red}{D}VD. The DVDs (plural usage of DVD means either BD or SD) created are unencrypted, unlike commercially available movie DVDs. This Cinelerra version conceivably can create different variations of DVD/Blu-ray media but for the casual user the most standard usages are readily usable and will be described here.
+This section describes how to create a blu-ray DVD, or \textcolor{red}{BD} referring to a \textcolor{red}{B}lu-ray \textcolor{red}{D}VD, and a regular DVD, or \textcolor{red}{SD} referring to a \textcolor{red}{S}tandard \textcolor{red}{D}VD. The DVDs (plural usage of DVD means either BD or SD) created are unencrypted, unlike commercially available movie DVDs. This \CGG{} version conceivably can create different variations of DVD/Blu-ray media but for the casual user the most standard usages are readily usable and will be described here.
Some preliminary information follows. For NTSC, SD media is almost always $720\times480$ interlaced (the format in the United States, US). For PAL, SD media is almost always $720\times576$ interlaced (Europe, EU, and most of the world). An SD can conceivably be created with a lower resolution – for example $352\times240$ MPEG-1 -- but it is not useful. Aspect ratio for either NTSC or PAL can be $4:3$ or $16:9$.
Frames per seconds is usually $29.97$ for NTSC and $25$ fps for PAL. The standard SD dvd generally uses the MPEG-2 program stream with a filename extension of \texttt{m2v}. BD blu-ray media is not normally interlaced, but you can leave it interlaced. Blu-ray uses the MPEG transport stream which contains 1 or more program streams with a default filename extension of \texttt{m2ts}.
Requirements for creating DVDs is the hardware device to write the media on and, obviously, the blank media for either BD or SD. When generating SD media, you will have to install \textit{dvdauthor} and for BD media, install \textit{udftools} if they are not on your system. Also, keep in mind that to mount filesystems for creating files and to burn DVDs, you will have to be root since you have to have privileges, unless special permissions have been provided for a non-root user. It is also highly recommended to
-run the Cinelerra startup from a terminal window, instead of the icon, in order to see informative messages of how to actually write the output (at prompt: keyin \texttt{<install\_directory\_path/bin/cin}).
+run the \CGG{} startup from a terminal window, instead of the icon, in order to see informative messages of how to actually write the output (at prompt: keyin \texttt{<install\_directory\_path/bin/cin}).
A warning here -- writing blu-ray BDs and regular SDs can take a large amount of clock time. Keep in mind that a blu-ray can contain 25 hours of viewing, so would take multiple hours to just write one.
Any problems encountered will require that you read more information in this section to include specific details, helpful hints, and problem resolution.
-\paragraph{Details and specific explanations} to create blu-ray or regular DVD are provided here. It is very advantageous to startup Cinelerra from the command line prompt instead of the icon. Also, please be root or your hard work will be lost when the automount is issued and fails for bluray udfs mounting.
+\paragraph{Details and specific explanations} to create blu-ray or regular DVD are provided here. It is very advantageous to startup \CGG{} from the command line prompt instead of the icon. Also, please be root or your hard work will be lost when the automount is issued and fails for bluray udfs mounting.
-The general design of the DVD/blu-ray generation operations is to first render media using batch rendering and then terminate Cinelerra to start a script which creates the target device filesystem data. These scripts are the \texttt{dvd.sh} and \texttt{bd.sh} scripts written into the target directory. For DVD, the general plan is to write a directory \texttt{<target>/iso} with the dvd filesystem via \textit{dvdauthor} and then generate an iso9660 filesystem and write it to a dvd via \textit{growisofs}.
+The general design of the DVD/blu-ray generation operations is to first render media using batch rendering and then terminate \CGG{} to start a script which creates the target device filesystem data. These scripts are the \texttt{dvd.sh} and \texttt{bd.sh} scripts written into the target directory. For DVD, the general plan is to write a directory \texttt{<target>/iso} with the dvd filesystem via \textit{dvdauthor} and then generate an iso9660 filesystem and write it to a dvd via \textit{growisofs}.
For blu-ray, the filesystem generation is slightly harder. First, it creates an empty filesystem image \texttt{<target>/bd.udfs} using \textit{mkudffs} which makes a big hole for the filesystem data. The hole is made just a little bigger than the data written by \textit{bdwrite} so that you don't have to write an entire $25GB$ or $50GB$ disc even if no data exists. This empty filesystem is loopback mounted to make it writable, and the linux kernel manages the filesystem image. The bdwrite program applies the blu-ray structure to the UDF filesystem by creating the needed BDMV blu-ray filesystem, which the kernel stores onto the image file \texttt{bd.udfs}. When udfs is unmounted, the kernel finalizes the disk image on bd.udfs. The bd.udfs image can be written directly to a blu-ray disk via \textit{dd} or \textit{growisofs}.
\item[Aspect Ratio] aspect ratio may be automatically set to $4:3$ or $16:9$. Aspect ratio would better be defined as the size of the display, monitor, or TV which will be used to view the output. If you measure your old TV, which supposedly is $4:3$ and your latest digital TV, which is supposedly $16:9$, you will see that those ratios aren't always correct anyway. Then measure your laptop monitor, your desktop monitor, and your neighbor's, and lo and behold, the ratios don't fit either of the purported \textit{standard} aspect ratio. Maintaining square pixels via scaling is more important in the long run.
\item[Use FFMPEG] this is user's choice; it is recommended and faster but more difficult to modify due to numerous options. For blu-ray, ffmpeg must be used and is not an available option.
\item[Resize Tracks] change track width and height as explained previously. The size is adjusted to the largest frame size needed.
- \item[Chapters at Labels] without this checked, chapters markers are automatically inserted every 5 minutes. The chapter labels can then be \textit{skipped to} when playing the DVD. If instead, you want to put labels in at opportune times, you will have to run dvdauthor outside of Cinelerra and mark the chapter labels yourself by hand. In that case, you should checkbox \textit{Chapters at Labels} so that the automatic 10-minute labels are not created. This checkbox is not currently available for blu-ray.
+ \item[Chapters at Labels] without this checked, chapters markers are automatically inserted every 5 minutes. The chapter labels can then be \textit{skipped to} when playing the DVD. If instead, you want to put labels in at opportune times, you will have to run dvdauthor outside of \CGG{} and mark the chapter labels yourself by hand. In that case, you should checkbox \textit{Chapters at Labels} so that the automatic 10-minute labels are not created. This checkbox is not currently available for blu-ray.
\end{description}
\begin{figure}[htpb]
\item Click OK check button.
\end{itemize}
-The default bitrate is the largest value possible. The actual \textit{target} bitrate is calculated based on a formula from the blu-ray/DVD code. It divides the media size (in bits) by the video time (in seconds) to find the bitrate that will \textit{just fit} on the target media. This could create a weird bitrate if the media is large, and the video time is small, so the default/target bitrate is limited to $10Mb/s$.Batch jobs are then built and appended to the job list. Once these batch jobs are built, if you make any changes, you have to start over. You will see listed the batch jobs that are created to perform the rendering/tasks -- 2 jobs for blu-ray, one for audio/video processing and one for the scripts. There will be 3 batch jobs created for DVD when not using ffmpeg to include one each for audio and video and then one more for the scripts. When you click on \texttt{start}, it fires off those jobs and you will see the rendering main window progress bar in the bottom corner reflecting the fact that it is currently processing. Be aware that the Cinelerra program will be totally shutdown AFTER the batch jobs finish. Screenshot below shows BD blu-ray creation with 2 batch jobs queued up and ready to go.
+The default bitrate is the largest value possible. The actual \textit{target} bitrate is calculated based on a formula from the blu-ray/DVD code. It divides the media size (in bits) by the video time (in seconds) to find the bitrate that will \textit{just fit} on the target media. This could create a weird bitrate if the media is large, and the video time is small, so the default/target bitrate is limited to $10Mb/s$.Batch jobs are then built and appended to the job list. Once these batch jobs are built, if you make any changes, you have to start over. You will see listed the batch jobs that are created to perform the rendering/tasks -- 2 jobs for blu-ray, one for audio/video processing and one for the scripts. There will be 3 batch jobs created for DVD when not using ffmpeg to include one each for audio and video and then one more for the scripts. When you click on \texttt{start}, it fires off those jobs and you will see the rendering main window progress bar in the bottom corner reflecting the fact that it is currently processing. Be aware that the \CGG{} program will be totally shutdown AFTER the batch jobs finish. Screenshot below shows BD blu-ray creation with 2 batch jobs queued up and ready to go.
Figure~\ref{fig:dvd-batch01} for DVD and Figure~\ref{fig:dvd-batch02} for BD shows a creation render ready to be started. Note that because it is not ffmpeg, the processing of video is done separately from audio. If you need to modify the video tracks, which you can see is ghosted out, you need to highlight the first batch job listed. Be sure to highlight the first batch job before pressing Start so it runs all of the jobs and be sure the X for job enabled is set.
\label{fig:dvd-batch02}
\end{figure}
-When you click on \textit{start}, it fires off those jobs and you will see the rendering main window progress bar in the bottom corner reflecting the fact that it is currently processing. Be aware that the Cinelerra program will be \textbf{totally shutdown after the batch jobs finish} and you will be at the command line prompt.
+When you click on \textit{start}, it fires off those jobs and you will see the rendering main window progress bar in the bottom corner reflecting the fact that it is currently processing. Be aware that the \CGG{} program will be \textbf{totally shutdown after the batch jobs finish} and you will be at the command line prompt.
This will produce a new directory in your target path which contains a filesystem image file.
For example: \\
\label{fig:dvd-batch03}
\end{figure}
-Figure~\ref{fig:dvd-batch04} shows the availability of 10-bit high quality 4:2 :2 for a Batch Render seen by clicking on wrench icon. You need specially compiled Cinelerra in order to use the x265 10-bit as opposed to 8-bit.
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvd-batch04} shows the availability of 10-bit high quality 4:2 :2 for a Batch Render seen by clicking on wrench icon. You need specially compiled \CGG{} in order to use the x265 10-bit as opposed to 8-bit.
\begin{figure}[htpb]
\centering
\section{Output Terminal Messages from Creating DVDs}%
\label{sec:output_terminal_messages_dvd}
-Below are examples of what the batch jobs generate and you will see on the terminal screen if you started the Cinelerra program in the recommended manner from a terminal window. It is just informational but will let you know if errors. In looking at any of the output, you can safely ignore the errors that read \textit{Unsupported codec with id 100357 for input stream 0} -- this comes from \textit{nav-data} (navigation data). The first 2 examples are seen from running the batch jobs; the last 2 are from the single line execution which records the media output to the DVD hardware.
+Below are examples of what the batch jobs generate and you will see on the terminal screen if you started the \CGG{} program in the recommended manner from a terminal window. It is just informational but will let you know if errors. In looking at any of the output, you can safely ignore the errors that read \textit{Unsupported codec with id 100357 for input stream 0} -- this comes from \textit{nav-data} (navigation data). The first 2 examples are seen from running the batch jobs; the last 2 are from the single line execution which records the media output to the DVD hardware.
-\subsubsection*{SD Example: Partial Output during Cinelerra run}
+\subsubsection*{SD Example: Partial Output during \CGG{} run}
\label{ssub:sd_example_partial_output}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd -dvd-video /tmp/dvd_20160407-113530/iso
\end{lstlisting}
-\subsubsection*{BD Example: Partial Output during Cinelerra run}
+\subsubsection*{BD Example: Partial Output during \CGG{} run}
\label{ssub:bd_example_partial_output}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
\begin{itemize}
\item Are you logged in as root? This is required in order to loopback mount files for bluray and to write media on \texttt{/dev/hardware}. See section \hyperref[sec:bluray_workaround_mount_umount]{13.7} for a workaround for normal user mode.
- \item Did you startup Cinelerra from a terminal window so you can see informative messages?
+ \item Did you startup \CGG{} from a terminal window so you can see informative messages?
\item Is udftools installed for BD and dvdauthor installed for SD?
\item Do you have loopback not enabled for bluray? At least temporarily, disable automount via:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
\section{Dvd Interlaced Chroma}%
\label{sec:dvd_interlaced_chroma}
-Cinelerra uses 4:4:4 colorspace to edit, so it is necessary to convert interlaced 4:2:0 video to 4:4:4.
+\CGG{} uses 4:4:4 colorspace to edit, so it is necessary to convert interlaced 4:2:0 video to 4:4:4.
But you can run into problems, referred to as the \textit{chroma bug}, which you see in DVD media displayed on higher resolution monitors -- streaks or spiky horizontal lines are visible in the chroma channel, especially on diagonal edges. The Chroma Bug is specific to MPEG and 4:2:0 encoding.
Now you can use the \textit{YUV420P DVD Interlace Mode} when rendering DV directly to mpeg2 through a yuv4mpeg stream and when using video effects on HDV video.
With this option enabled, improved chroma results will be obtained from your DV or HDV source.
Editing DV or HDV and rendering it back to the same format does not require any special handling.
-In order to perform colorspace conversions correctly in Cinelerra and avoid Chroma errors for interlaced 4:2:0 video, check the box as follows:
+In order to perform colorspace conversions correctly in \CGG{} and avoid Chroma errors for interlaced 4:2:0 video, check the box as follows:
\texttt{Settings $\rightarrow$ Performance $\rightarrow$ YUV420P DVD Interlace Mode}
An MTS file is a video file saved in the high-definition (HD) MPEG Transport Stream video format, commonly called \textit{AVCHD}. It contains HD video compatible with Blu-ray disc format and is based on the MPEG-2 transport stream. MTS files are often used by Sony, Panasonic, Canon and other HD camcorders. Legal input for Video -- MPEG1VIDEO, MPEG2VIDEO, H264; Audio -- MP1, MP2, AC3, AC3PLUS, DTS, TRUHD.
-For creating a blu-ray disc, if you have HDV MPEG-2 media that is in blu-ray format, you can save the original quality of your work, rather than rendering it to another format. Follow the steps below directly instead of going through Cinelerra. It has been tested on 10 different MTS files.
+For creating a blu-ray disc, if you have HDV MPEG-2 media that is in blu-ray format, you can save the original quality of your work, rather than rendering it to another format. Follow the steps below directly instead of going through \CGG{}. It has been tested on 10 different MTS files.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
du -sb /yourHDVfile.MTS # Determine the size of your file in bytes.
blocks=((size-in-bytes/2048 + 4096)) # Convert bytes into blocks + a little more.
mkudffs /tmp/newfilename.udfs blocks # Create a file with that \# of blocks + some extra.
mount -o loop /tmp/newfilename.udfs /mntX # Use a mount point like mntX that is not in use.
-/<cinelerra_installed_path>/bin/bdwrite /mntX /tmp/yourHDVfile.MTS # Substitute Cinelerra path.
+/<cinelerra_installed_path>/bin/bdwrite /mntX /tmp/yourHDVfile.MTS # Substitute \CGG{} path.
umount /mntX # You must unmount the udfs filesystem
growisofs -Z /dev/bd=/tmp/newfilename.udfs # Replace /dev/bd with your bluray hardware device.
OR dd if=/tmp/newfilename.udfs of=/dev/bd bs=2048000 # if using rewritable blu-ray; replace bd.
\section{Blu-ray Workaround for Mount/Umount}%
\label{sec:bluray_workaround_mount_umount}
-Creating BD images to be written to media requires usage of \textit{mount} and \textit{umount} which typically can only be done by the root user due to security. If you want to avoid running Cinelerra as root, you can implement a workaround by adding a line in \texttt{/etc/fstab} (must be root to edit the file initially) and by creating a directory in your home area, called \textit{bluray}. You only have to do this once unless you upgrade the Operating System and it wipes out the line in \texttt{/etc/fsta}b. Now the Cinelerra program will automatically do the mount and umount for you each time you execute BD Render and you can run as an ordinary user.
+Creating BD images to be written to media requires usage of \textit{mount} and \textit{umount} which typically can only be done by the root user due to security. If you want to avoid running \CGG{} as root, you can implement a workaround by adding a line in \texttt{/etc/fstab} (must be root to edit the file initially) and by creating a directory in your home area, called \textit{bluray}. You only have to do this once unless you upgrade the Operating System and it wipes out the line in \texttt{/etc/fsta}b. Now the \CGG{} program will automatically do the mount and umount for you each time you execute BD Render and you can run as an ordinary user.
The line to add to \texttt{/etc/fstab} will look something like the following, assuming your username is \textit{name} and your groupid may be \textit{users} or \textit{name}. If you do an \texttt{ls -l} in your home directory, the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ fields shown will be your uid or name and gid or groupid which you must substitute in the line below.
/home/name/image /home/name/bluray udf noauto,loop,rw,user,uid=name,gid=groupid 0 0
\end{lstlisting}
-Also, be sure to do a \texttt{mkdir bluray} in your \texttt{/home/name} directory as this is a requirement (owned by you; uid=gid=name). When the actual image to be written to disc media is created, it will first d any current \texttt{/home/name/image} file. Warning – make sure you do not already have a file called \textit{image} that you want to save as it will be automatically deleted every time you initiate a BD Render. So you will want to burn a bluray disc after Cinelerra creates the \textit{image} since it will written over on the next rendition. The actual writing to your bluray burner (something like \texttt{/dev/sr0}) is done outside of Cinelerra at a terminal prompt and requires root privilege usually. You can either use \textit{sudo} for 1 line or create user wheel group to get around this.
+Also, be sure to do a \texttt{mkdir bluray} in your \texttt{/home/name} directory as this is a requirement (owned by you; uid=gid=name). When the actual image to be written to disc media is created, it will first d any current \texttt{/home/name/image} file. Warning – make sure you do not already have a file called \textit{image} that you want to save as it will be automatically deleted every time you initiate a BD Render. So you will want to burn a bluray disc after \CGG{} creates the \textit{image} since it will written over on the next rendition. The actual writing to your bluray burner (something like \texttt{/dev/sr0}) is done outside of \CGG{} at a terminal prompt and requires root privilege usually. You can either use \textit{sudo} for 1 line or create user wheel group to get around this.
-\section{Blu-ray from Multiple Cinelerra Output}%
+\section{Blu-ray from Multiple \CGG{} Output}%
\label{sec:bluray_multiple_cinelerra_output}
-Writing prepared multiple Cinelerra output files, \texttt{bd.m2ts}, to a single bluray disc is relatively easy to do but is not done automatically. You can render all of the desired files via the Create BD menu, save each individual \texttt{bd.m2ts} file with a unique name, construct a Menu Title that reflects the contents of each of these files, then manually use a few commands to create a udfs file to be written to BD.
+Writing prepared multiple \CGG{} output files, \texttt{bd.m2ts}, to a single bluray disc is relatively easy to do but is not done automatically. You can render all of the desired files via the Create BD menu, save each individual \texttt{bd.m2ts} file with a unique name, construct a Menu Title that reflects the contents of each of these files, then manually use a few commands to create a udfs file to be written to BD.
Usage of the final preparation taken from the bdwrite program comments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Create all of the \texttt{bd.m2ts} files that you want to put on the Bluray.
- \item Using Cinelerra, design your Title page using a few seconds of video and the \textit{Title} plugin.
+ \item Using \CGG{}, design your Title page using a few seconds of video and the \textit{Title} plugin.
\item Use BD Create to render your short Title video.
\item Next is the most complicated part which is to run \texttt{mkudffs} with a sufficient amount of disk space to hold all of the \texttt{bd.m2ts} files \textit{plus a little more!} To calculate this, you can record the sizes from having run BD Create mkudffs. This number is displayed on the terminal screen when using the command line interface each time and add them together. Or recalculate the size of each \texttt{bd.m2ts} using the formula below and adding them all together. This is the number of blocks used to make a bluray image space for bdwrite to use. For many files, this could require a huge amount of space, so check first.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
\end{lstlisting}
Now create the image file via: \texttt{mkudffs image <Total size>} where image or udfs is the image name.
\item Loop mount the disk image (refer to Section \hyperref[sec:bluray_workaround_mount_umount]{13.7}).
- \item Then actually write your multiple bd.m2ts type files onto the \textit{image} where \texttt{<cin\_path>} is the location of the
Cinelerra binary \textit{bdwrite} file and \texttt{<path>} is your directory path. Below is a single line that wrapped around with 4 Titles.
+ \item Then actually write your multiple bd.m2ts type files onto the \textit{image} where \texttt{<cin\_path>} is the location of the
\CGG{} binary \textit{bdwrite} file and \texttt{<path>} is your directory path. Below is a single line that wrapped around with 4 Titles.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
<cin_path>/bin/bdwrite image /<path>menu_titles.m2ts --- /<path>/bd1.m2ts -- /<path>/bd2.m2ts -- /<path>/bd3.m2ts -- /<path>bd4.m2ts
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{enumerate}
\item In order to write to a DVD writer hardware device, you must be \textit{root}!!
- \item Start Cinelerra-GG to bring up the 4 usual screens with main track canvas in the lower left corner.
+ \item Start \CGG{} to bring up the 4 usual screens with main track canvas in the lower left corner.
\item Load media via the pulldown \texttt{File $\rightarrow$ Load files}\dots by choosing the directory path with the desired file.
\item Bring up the \textit{Create DVD} window using \texttt{File $\rightarrow$ DVD Render}.
\item Choose Format: PAL or NTSC with 16x9 aspect ratio for today's digital TV as in below screenshot. figure~\ref{fig:dvd-000}.
\begin{enumerate}[start=13]
\item Next, make sure you have the Timeline set in the Main window at the beginning of where you want to start rendering. Also, make sure the first line in the \textit{Batches to render} section is highlighted as you can see above by the blue highlighting. Click on the \textit{Start} box in the Batch Render window and you will see the video playing in the Compositor window.
- \item Cinelerra program will be stopped when done rendering; you will be at the terminal prompt where you will see it has printed out some informational messages (or errors if problems), the last 2 are:
+ \item \CGG{} program will be stopped when done rendering; you will be at the terminal prompt where you will see it has printed out some informational messages (or errors if problems), the last 2 are:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,numbers=none]
To burn dvd, load blank media and run:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd -dvd-video /mnt0/dvd_20161027-131723/iso
projects / goodguy / cin-manual-latex.git / blobdiff